Identify the organelles and processes involved in photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and the storage and structural carbohydrates in organisms.

The organelle shown is a chloroplast.

• A: Stroma
• C: Outer membrane (or chloroplast envelope)

The light stage of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membranes, which are stacked into grana. The letter representing this part is G.

Two adaptations of the chloroplast to its function (photosynthesis) are:

• It contains chlorophyll pigments to absorb light energy.
• It has an extensive system of thylakoid membranes (grana) which provides a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes and pigments involved in the light-dependent reactions.

The end products of the light stage are ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

• Oxygen is released to the atmosphere as a byproduct.
• ATP and NADPH are used in the light-independent stage (Calvin cycle) in the stroma to synthesize glucose.

The carbohydrate stored in animal cells is glycogen.

The carbohydrate that makes up plant cell walls is cellulose.

• Process I: $\text{C}_{6}\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_{6} + \text{C}_{6}\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_{6} \longrightarrow \text{C}_{12}\text{H}_{22}\text{O}_{11} + \text{H}_{2}\text{O}$ This process involves the joining of two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide with the removal of a water molecule. This is a condensation reaction (or dehydration synthesis).
• Process II: $\text{C}_{12}\text{H}_{22}\text{O}_{11} + \text{H}_{2}\text{O} \longrightarrow \text{C}_{6}\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_{6} + \text{C}_{6}\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_{6}$ This process involves the breaking down of a disaccharide into two monosaccharides by the addition of a water molecule. This is hydrolysis.