Identify the part of the fern labeled 2.1.1, state the division to which ferns belong (2.1.2), explain why ferns need water for reproduction (2.1.3), and list three adaptations of ferns to terrestrial

2.1.2 Ferns fall under the division Pteridophyta.

2.1.3 Ferns require water for reproduction because their sperm are flagellated and need a film of water to swim from the antheridium to the archegonium to fertilise the egg.

2.1.4 Here are three ways in which ferns are better adapted to a terrestrial mode of life than mosses:

• Ferns possess vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) for efficient transport of water and nutrients, allowing them to grow larger and taller than mosses, which lack true vascular tissue.
• Ferns have true roots, stems (rhizomes), and leaves (fronds), which are more specialized for anchorage, support, and photosynthesis compared to the simpler rhizoids, stems, and leaves of mosses.
• Ferns have a cuticle on their leaves to reduce water loss through evaporation, an adaptation generally absent or less developed in mosses.