Nephron structure and function, transpiration, blood functions, and ileum adaptations.

Here are the answers to questions 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14: 10. The diagram below illustrates the structure of the nephron (blood vessel). a) Name the parts labeled J and M. J: Collecting duct* M: Loop of Henle* b) State the function of structures labeled H and M. H (Bowman's capsule/glomerulus): Ultrafiltration of blood to form glomerular filtrate.* M (Loop of Henle): Reabsorption of water and salts, creating a concentration gradient in the medulla.* 11. Explain how sunken stomata lower the rate of transpiration. Sunken stomata are located in pits or depressions on the leaf surface. This arrangement traps a layer of humid air around the stomatal pore, reducing the water potential gradient between the inside of the leaf and the external environment. This decreased gradient slows down the rate of water vapor diffusion out of the leaf, thus lowering transpiration. 12. State 3 functions of mammalian blood other than transport of substances. • Regulation of body temperature (thermoregulation)* • Defense against diseases (immunity)* • Blood clotting (hemostasis)* 13. State 3 ways in which the ileum is structurally adapted to the absorption of digested food. • It has a very long length*, providing a large surface area for absorption. • Its inner surface is folded into numerous finger-like projections called villi, and the epithelial cells lining the villi have microvilli*, further increasing the surface area. • It has a rich blood supply* (capillary network within each villus) to quickly transport absorbed nutrients away, maintaining a steep concentration gradient. • The walls of the villi are very thin (one-cell thick)*, shortening the diffusion distance for nutrients. 14. State how xylem is adapted to its function. • Xylem vessels are hollow and continuous tubes* from the roots to the leaves, providing an uninterrupted pathway for water flow. • Their walls are lignified (thickened with lignin)*, which provides mechanical support to the plant and prevents the vessels from collapsing under the tension of water transport. • Xylem cells are dead*, meaning they lack cytoplasm and organelles, which would otherwise impede water flow. Last free one today — make it count tomorrow, or type /upgrade for unlimited.