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State one function each of the following structures in humans: i. Vitreous humour of the eye ii. Hammer of the ear (Malleus) iii. Fovea of the eye iv. Organ of Corti of the ear v. Cochlea of the ear.

Biology

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Answer

v

127 Ω or 1.71 Ω\frac{12}{7}\,\Omega \text{ or } 1.71\,\Omega

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Here are the solutions to the questions:

1.a) State one function each of the following structures in humans:

Part i

Vitreous humour of the eye: Maintains the spherical shape of the eyeball and helps to refract light onto the retina.

Part ii

Hammer of the ear (Malleus): Transmits sound vibrations from the eardrum (tympanic membrane) to the incus.

Part iii

Fovea of the eye: Responsible for sharp central vision and detailed color perception.

Part iv

Organ of Corti of the ear: Converts mechanical sound vibrations into electrical nerve impulses.

Part v

127 Ω or 1.71 Ω\frac{12}{7}\,\Omega \text{ or } 1.71\,\Omega

Cochlea of the ear: Contains the sensory receptors for hearing.

1.b) State three differences between compounds and mixtures:

  • Compounds are formed by the chemical combination of elements in fixed proportions, while mixtures are formed by the physical combination of substances in variable proportions.
  • Compounds have new properties that are different from their constituent elements, whereas mixtures retain the properties of their individual components.
  • Components of a compound cannot be separated by physical means, while components of a mixture can be separated by physical means.

1.c) i. Consider the reaction: 614C→714N+−10e^{14}_{6}C \to ^{14}_{7}N + ^{0}_{-1}e

  • α. Name the radiation emitted: The radiation emitted is a beta particle.
  • β. Name one material that could be used to stop the emitted radiation: Aluminum can be used to stop beta radiation.

1.d) i. Define resistance of a conductor.
Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current in a conductor. It is measured in ohms (Ω\Omega).

1.d) ii. Calculate the effective resistance in the circuit below.

  1. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the two 2Ω\Omega resistors connected in series.

    Rseries=R1+R2R_{series} = R_1 + R_2 Rseries=2 Ω+2 Ω=4 ΩR_{series} = 2\,\Omega + 2\,\Omega = 4\,\Omega

  2. Calculate the effective resistance of the parallel combination, where the 4 Ω4\,\Omega series resistance is in parallel with the 3 Ω3\,\Omega resistor.

    1Reffective=1Rseries+1R3\frac{1}{R_{effective}} = \frac{1}{R_{series}} + \frac{1}{R_3} 1Reffective=14 Ω+13 Ω\frac{1}{R_{effective}} = \frac{1}{4\,\Omega} + \frac{1}{3\,\Omega} 1Reffective=312 Ω+412 Ω\frac{1}{R_{effective}} = \frac{3}{12\,\Omega} + \frac{4}{12\,\Omega} 1Reffective=712 Ω\frac{1}{R_{effective}} = \frac{7}{12\,\Omega} Reffective=127 ΩR_{effective} = \frac{12}{7}\,\Omega Reffective≈1.71 ΩR_{effective} \approx 1.71\,\Omega

    The effective resistance is 127 Ω or 1.71 Ω\boxed{\frac{12}{7}\,\Omega \text{ or } 1.71\,\Omega}.

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