Phylum: Arthropoda

a)
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida

b)

• They have four pairs of legs (8 legs).
• Their body is divided into two main parts: a cephalothorax and an abdomen.

12. Liver damage leads to impaired digestion of fats because the liver produces bile. Bile is essential for the emulsification of fats, breaking large fat globules into smaller ones, which increases the surface area for lipase enzymes to act. Without sufficient bile, fat digestion becomes inefficient.

13. a) The organelle is a Mitochondrion.

b)
X: Cristae (inner membrane folds)
Y: Outer membrane

14. Xylem are adapted to their function of water transport and support in several ways:

• They form continuous, hollow tubes from roots to leaves, allowing an uninterrupted flow of water.
• Their walls are lignified (thickened with lignin), providing structural support to the plant and preventing the vessels from collapsing under the tension of water transport.
• They have no cross-walls between cells, creating an open channel for efficient water movement.