Categories of homologous series.

Homologous series ni familia ya misombo ya kikaboni ambayo ina fomula ya jumla inayofanana, sifa za kemikali zinazofanana, na kila mwanachama hutofautiana na anayefuata kwa kitengo cha -CH₂-. Zimeainishwa kulingana na kikundi chao cha utendaji kazi (functional group).

Hizi hapa ni kategoria kuu za homologous series:

1. Hydrocarbons: Hizi zina kaboni na hidrojeni pekee.

   • Alkanes: Zina vifungo vya kaboni-kaboni moja tu (mfano: methane, ethane).
   • Alkenes: Zina angalau kifungo kimoja cha kaboni-kaboni mara mbili (mfano: ethene, propene).
   • Alkynes: Zina angalau kifungo kimoja cha kaboni-kaboni mara tatu (mfano: ethyne, propyne).
   • Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Zina pete ya benzini (mfano: benzene).

2. Compounds zenye Oksijeni: Hizi zina kaboni, hidrojeni, na oksijeni.

   • Alcohols: Zina kikundi cha -OH (mfano: methanol, ethanol).
   • Ethers: Zina kikundi cha -O- kati ya atomi mbili za kaboni (mfano: dimethylether).
   • Aldehydes: Zina kikundi cha -CHO (mfano: methanal, ethanal).
   • Ketones: Zina kikundi cha C=O kati ya atomi mbili za kaboni (mfano: propanone).
   • Carboxylic Acids: Zina kikundi cha -COOH (mfano: methanoic acid, ethanoic acid).
   • Esters: Zina kikundi cha -COO- (mfano: methyl ethanoate).

3. Compounds zenye Nitrojeni: Hizi zina kaboni, hidrojeni, na nitrojeni.

   • Amines: Zina kikundi cha -NH₂ (mfano: methylamine).
   • Amides: Zina kikundi cha -CONH₂ (mfano: ethanamide).

4. Haloalkanes (Alkyl Halides): Hizi zina kaboni, hidrojeni, na halojeni (F, Cl, Br, I).

   • Zina atomi ya halojeni iliyounganishwa na mnyororo wa alkane (mfano: chloromethane, bromoethane).