This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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Homologous series ni familia ya misombo ya kikaboni ambayo ina fomula ya jumla inayofanana, sifa za kemikali zinazofanana, na kila mwanachama hutofautiana na anayefuata kwa kitengo cha -CH₂-. Zimeainishwa kulingana na kikundi chao cha utendaji kazi (functional group). Hizi hapa ni kategoria kuu za homologous series: 1. Hydrocarbons: Hizi zina kaboni na hidrojeni pekee. Alkanes*: Zina vifungo vya kaboni-kaboni moja tu (mfano: methane, ethane). Alkenes*: Zina angalau kifungo kimoja cha kaboni-kaboni mara mbili (mfano: ethene, propene). Alkynes*: Zina angalau kifungo kimoja cha kaboni-kaboni mara tatu (mfano: ethyne, propyne). Aromatic Hydrocarbons*: Zina pete ya benzini (mfano: benzene). 2. Compounds zenye Oksijeni: Hizi zina kaboni, hidrojeni, na oksijeni. Alcohols*: Zina kikundi cha -OH (mfano: methanol, ethanol). Ethers*: Zina kikundi cha -O- kati ya atomi mbili za kaboni (mfano: dimethylether). Aldehydes*: Zina kikundi cha -CHO (mfano: methanal, ethanal). Ketones*: Zina kikundi cha C=O kati ya atomi mbili za kaboni (mfano: propanone). Carboxylic Acids*: Zina kikundi cha -COOH (mfano: methanoic acid, ethanoic acid). Esters*: Zina kikundi cha -COO- (mfano: methyl ethanoate). 3. Compounds zenye Nitrojeni: Hizi zina kaboni, hidrojeni, na nitrojeni. Amines*: Zina kikundi cha -NH₂ (mfano: methylamine). Amides*: Zina kikundi cha -CONH₂ (mfano: ethanamide). 4. Haloalkanes (Alkyl Halides): Hizi zina kaboni, hidrojeni, na halojeni (F, Cl, Br, I). Zina atomi ya halojeni iliyounganishwa na mnyororo wa alkane (mfano: chloromethane, bromoethane). Got more? Send 'em 📸