What is the separation technique T? Give the criterion to separate the mixtures. Separation technique T, Criterion: Deduce the names of liquids P and Q. P. Q.

In the nuclide notation $^{A}_{Z}\text{X}$, $Z$ represents the atomic number and $A$ represents the mass number.

• The number 16 is the atomic number ($Z$), which represents the number of protons in the nucleus of element A. It also indicates the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
• The number 32 is the mass number ($A$), which represents the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of element A.

Element A has an atomic number of 16. Its electron configuration is 2, 8, 6. It has 6 valence electrons.

Elements with 6 valence electrons belong to Group 16 (or VIA) of the Periodic Table.
The group of element A is Group 16.

An element with an atomic number of 16 is Sulfur.
Element A is Sulfur (S).

Sulfur (S) has 6 valence electrons. Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron.

Sulfur needs 2 electrons to complete its octet, and each hydrogen needs 1 electron to complete its duet. Thus, one sulfur atom will bond with two hydrogen atoms to form $\text{H}_2\text{S}$ (hydrogen sulfide) through covalent bonding.

The dot and cross diagram for $\text{H}_2\text{S}$ is:

(where $\bullet$ represents electrons from Sulfur and $\times$ represents electrons from Hydrogen)

The compound $\text{H}_2\text{S}$ is formed between two non-metals (Hydrogen and Sulfur). They share electrons to achieve stable electron configurations, forming covalent bonds.

Calcium oxide ($\text{CaO}$) is formed between a metal (Calcium, Group 2) and a non-metal (Oxygen, Group 16). Calcium loses 2 electrons to form $\text{Ca}^{2+}$ ions, and Oxygen gains 2 electrons to form $\text{O}^{2-}$ ions. The electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged ions forms an ionic bond.

The compound formed between element A (Sulfur) and hydrogen ($\text{H}_2\text{S}$) exhibits covalent bonding, where electrons are shared between atoms. In contrast, calcium oxide ($\text{CaO}$) exhibits ionic bonding, where electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions that are held together by strong electrostatic forces.