You drink chemistry trip, a group of S2 student visited a material production facility where they saw different materials which the guide showed them for example.a class Carter from substance x motors under dynamos who's inside the party of substance Y as lubricating brushe. He informs them that he's too substance x and a Y have denguished disco properties that allowed to be exploited for different industrial and very use. His further informed the students that x and Y looks different, they are 100% coupon just like Z used at home for cooking. The students need to know more about this substances and find out if any of them carry environmental impacts resulting from their use. Task. I said Lana of chemistry; (a)explain the general term that categories this substances and name X,Y and Z.(b). Explain ;(ii) how each of the substance x, y and z suits it's mentioned uses.(ii) Are the properties that makes each of x and the Y useful in life .(c) Explain the environmental impacts associated with a wind spread used of z

Let's solve this. The problem describes three substances (X, Y, Z) that are all 100% carbon but have different properties and uses.

a) Explain the general term that categorizes these substances and name X, Y, and Z.

The general term that categorizes substances like X, Y, and Z, which are made of the same element (carbon) but have different physical forms and properties, is allotropes.

Based on the descriptions:

• Substance X is implied to be used in applications requiring extreme hardness, such as a glass cutter (interpreting "class Carter" as "glass cutter"). Therefore, X is Diamond.
• Substance Y is used as lubricating brushes in motors and dynamos. This requires properties of lubrication and electrical conductivity. Therefore, Y is Graphite.
• Substance Z is used at home for cooking. This implies it's a fuel source. Therefore, Z is Charcoal (a form of amorphous carbon).

b) Explain: (i) how each of the substance X, Y, and Z suits its mentioned uses. (ii) The properties that make each of X and Y useful in life.

(i) How each substance suits its use:

• X (Diamond): Suits its use as a glass cutter because it is the hardest known natural material. Its extreme hardness allows it to scratch and cut through glass effectively.
• Y (Graphite): Suits its use as lubricating brushes in motors and dynamos because it has a layered structure where layers can slide past each other easily, providing lubrication. It is also a good electrical conductor, which is essential for transferring current in brushes.
• Z (Charcoal): Suits its use for cooking because it is primarily carbon and burns readily, releasing a significant amount of heat energy (high calorific value) with minimal smoke, making it an efficient fuel.

(ii) Properties that make X and Y useful:

• Properties of X (Diamond):
  • Extreme hardness: This makes it invaluable for cutting, grinding, and drilling tools.
  • High melting point: It is very stable at high temperatures.
  • Electrical insulator: It does not conduct electricity.
• Properties of Y (Graphite):
  • Soft and slippery (lubricating): Its layered structure allows layers to slide, making it a good solid lubricant.
  • Good electrical conductor: Delocalized electrons within its layers allow it to conduct electricity.
  • High melting point: It is stable at high temperatures.

c) Explain the environmental impacts associated with the widespread use of Z.

The widespread use of Z (Charcoal), particularly when produced from wood, has several significant environmental impacts:

1. Deforestation: Large-scale charcoal production often leads to the clearing of forests, which destroys natural habitats, reduces biodiversity, and contributes to soil erosion.
2. Air Pollution: Burning charcoal releases greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide (CO₂), contributing to climate change. It also releases particulate matter (soot) and other pollutants that can cause respiratory problems and reduce air quality.
3. Soil Degradation: The removal of trees for charcoal production can lead to the loss of fertile topsoil, reduced water retention, and ultimately desertification in affected areas.