1a. What are the major troubles of young researchers in using sampling techniques appropriately. 1b. Clearly explain why justification of empirical studies and area of a study is crucial in research in vocational and technical education.

The independent variable is the factor that is changed or controlled by the researcher to test its effects on another variable. In this title, it is the factor that is presumed to cause a change.

The dependent variable is the factor that is measured or observed, and it is expected to change as a result of the independent variable. It is the outcome being studied.

In the title "Effect of accessibility of electronic information resources on productivity of academic staff in Nigerian universities":

• The independent variable is what is being manipulated or varied to see its effect: accessibility of electronic information resources.
• The dependent variable is what is being measured or observed as an outcome: productivity of academic staff.

a)
The independent variable is: Accessibility of electronic information resources.
The dependent variable is: Productivity of academic staff.