Give examples of dependent variable and independent variables

Here are examples of dependent variables and independent variables:

1. In a study examining the effect of study time on exam performance:

   • Independent Variable (IV): The amount of time spent studying. This is the variable that the researcher changes or controls.
   • Dependent Variable (DV): The score on the exam. This is the variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of the study time.

2. In an experiment investigating how different amounts of fertilizer affect plant growth:

   • Independent Variable (IV): The amount of fertilizer applied to the plants. This is manipulated by the researcher.
   • Dependent Variable (DV): The height of the plants (or biomass, number of leaves, etc.). This is what is measured to see the effect of the fertilizer.

3. In research looking at the impact of sleep deprivation on reaction time:

   • Independent Variable (IV): The number of hours of sleep a person gets. This is the factor being varied.
   • Dependent Variable (DV): The reaction time measured in a test. This is the outcome that is observed.