Process of breathing

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Breathing, also known as ventilation, is the mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs. It is essential for gas exchange, allowing the body to take in oxygen (O₂) and expel carbon dioxide (CO₂). This process involves two main phases:

1. Inhalation (Inspiration): This is an active process.

   • The diaphragm, a large dome-shaped muscle below the lungs, contracts and flattens.
   • The intercostal muscles between the ribs contract, pulling the rib cage upward and outward.
   • These actions increase the volume of the thoracic cavity (chest cavity).
   • As the volume increases, the pressure inside the lungs becomes lower than the atmospheric pressure, causing air to rush into the lungs.

2. Exhalation (Expiration): This is typically a passive process at rest.

   • The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.
   • The elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall causes the thoracic cavity to decrease in volume.
   • As the volume decreases, the pressure inside the lungs becomes higher than the atmospheric pressure, forcing air out of the lungs.
   • Forced exhalation (e.g., during coughing or exercise) involves the contraction of abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles.