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3 parts
a

f′(x)=4x(x2+1)2f'(x) = \frac{4x}{(x^2 + 1)^2}

b
(0, -1)
c

local minimum\text{local minimum}

Step-by-step solution

7 steps

Here is the solution to question 3.

3. Given the function f(x)=x2−1x2+1f(x) = \frac{x^2 - 1}{x^2 + 1}.

Part a· 2 steps

Find f′(x)f'(x).

  1. Identify uu and vv for the quotient rule.

    Let u=x2−1u = x^2 - 1 and v=x2+1v = x^2 + 1.
    Then, find their derivatives: u′=2xu' = 2x and v′=2xv' = 2x.

  2. Apply the quotient rule, f′(x)=u′v−uv′v2f'(x) = \frac{u'v - uv'}{v^2}.

    f′(x)=(2x)(x2+1)−(x2−1)(2x)(x2+1)2f'(x) = \frac{(2x)(x^2 + 1) - (x^2 - 1)(2x)}{(x^2 + 1)^2} f′(x)=2x3+2x−(2x3−2x)(x2+1)2f'(x) = \frac{2x^3 + 2x - (2x^3 - 2x)}{(x^2 + 1)^2} f′(x)=2x3+2x−2x3+2x(x2+1)2f'(x) = \frac{2x^3 + 2x - 2x^3 + 2x}{(x^2 + 1)^2} f′(x)=4x(x2+1)2f'(x) = \frac{4x}{(x^2 + 1)^2}

    The derivative is f′(x)=4x(x2+1)2\boxed{f'(x) = \frac{4x}{(x^2 + 1)^2}}.

Part b(0, -1)

Find the coordinates of the turning points of f(x)f(x).

  1. Set f′(x)=0f'(x) = 0 to find the critical points.

    4x(x2+1)2=0\frac{4x}{(x^2 + 1)^2} = 0

    This implies 4x=04x = 0, so x=0x = 0.

  2. Substitute the xx-value back into f(x)f(x) to find the corresponding yy-coordinate.

    f(0)=(0)2−1(0)2+1=−11=−1f(0) = \frac{(0)^2 - 1}{(0)^2 + 1} = \frac{-1}{1} = -1

    The coordinate of the turning point is (0,−1)\boxed{(0, -1)}.

Part c

local minimum\text{local minimum}

Determine the nature of the turning points.

  1. Find the second derivative, f′′(x)f''(x).

    We use the quotient rule for f′(x)=4x(x2+1)2f'(x) = \frac{4x}{(x^2 + 1)^2}.
    Let u=4x⇒u′=4u = 4x \Rightarrow u' = 4.
    Let v=(x2+1)2⇒v′=2(x2+1)(2x)=4x(x2+1)v = (x^2 + 1)^2 \Rightarrow v' = 2(x^2 + 1)(2x) = 4x(x^2 + 1).

    f′′(x)=4(x2+1)2−(4x)(4x(x2+1))((x2+1)2)2f''(x) = \frac{4(x^2 + 1)^2 - (4x)(4x(x^2 + 1))}{((x^2 + 1)^2)^2} f′′(x)=4(x2+1)2−16x2(x2+1)(x2+1)4f''(x) = \frac{4(x^2 + 1)^2 - 16x^2(x^2 + 1)}{(x^2 + 1)^4}

    Factor out 4(x2+1)4(x^2 + 1) from the numerator:

    f′′(x)=4(x2+1)[(x2+1)−4x2](x2+1)4f''(x) = \frac{4(x^2 + 1)[(x^2 + 1) - 4x^2]}{(x^2 + 1)^4} f′′(x)=4(1−3x2)(x2+1)3f''(x) = \frac{4(1 - 3x^2)}{(x^2 + 1)^3}
  2. Evaluate f′′(x)f''(x) at the critical point x=0x=0.

    f′′(0)=4(1−3(0)2)((0)2+1)3=4(1)13=4f''(0) = \frac{4(1 - 3(0)^2)}{((0)^2 + 1)^3} = \frac{4(1)}{1^3} = 4
  3. Determine the nature of the turning point.

    Since f′′(0)=4>0f''(0) = 4 > 0, the turning point (0,−1)(0, -1) is a local minimum.
    The nature of the turning point is a local minimum\boxed{\text{local minimum}}.

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