Define bush fallowing, plantation agriculture, mixed cropping, and irrigation. Explain four causes for low agricultural output in Cameroon.

Let's tackle Question 1 from Section A.

Question 1:

a) Define the following agricultural practices in the L.E.D.Cs:

• i. Bush fallowing: This is a traditional farming system where land is cultivated for a few years and then left to revert to natural vegetation (bush) for a longer period to restore soil fertility before being cultivated again.
• ii. Plantation agriculture: This is a large-scale commercial farming system focused on a single cash crop (like rubber, coffee, or cocoa) for export, often using significant capital, modern techniques, and a large labor force.
• iii. Mixed cropping: This practice involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land, often to maximize land use, reduce pest and disease incidence, and provide a more diverse diet or income.
• iv. Irrigation: This is the artificial application of water to land to assist in the growth of crops, especially in dry areas or during periods of insufficient rainfall, to ensure consistent agricultural yields.

b) In spite of the fact that a high percentage of the population of Cameroon is engaged in the agricultural sector, there is not enough food for the population. Explain FOUR causes for the low agricultural output.

1. Over-reliance on traditional farming methods: Many farmers still use rudimentary tools and techniques, leading to low productivity per unit of land and labor.
2. Limited access to modern inputs: Lack of access to improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and appropriate machinery hinders crop yields and overall output.
3. Poor infrastructure: Inadequate road networks make it difficult for farmers to transport produce to markets, leading to post-harvest losses and disincentivizing increased production.
4. Climate change and environmental degradation: Unpredictable weather patterns, droughts, floods, and soil erosion reduce arable land and negatively impact crop growth.

c) Advance FOUR measures carried out by the government to improve on agricultural production.

1. Provision of subsidies and credit facilities: Governments offer financial support and loans to farmers to purchase modern inputs, equipment, and improve farming practices.
2. Agricultural research and extension services: Investing in research for improved crop varieties and livestock breeds, and disseminating this knowledge to farmers through extension workers, helps boost productivity.
3. Development of irrigation schemes: Implementing projects to provide reliable water sources for farming, especially in drought-prone areas, ensures consistent crop growth.
4. Improvement of rural infrastructure: Constructing and maintaining roads, storage facilities, and processing units helps reduce post-harvest losses and connects farmers to markets more efficiently.