Differentiate between weathering and mass wasting and explain three effects of soil creep on the earth's surface.

1. a) i) Differentiate between weathering and mass wasting.
Weathering is the in-situ breakdown of rocks and minerals at or near the Earth's surface. Mass wasting is the downslope movement of weathered rock and soil material under the direct influence of gravity.

1. a) ii) State three main agents of weathering.

• Water
• Ice
• Wind
• Temperature changes
• Biological agents

1. b) Explain three effects of soil creep on the earth's surface.

• Tilted structures: Fences, utility poles, and gravestones may lean downhill.
• Bent tree trunks: Trees growing on slopes may develop a curved trunk near the base as the soil slowly moves.
• Terracettes: Small, step-like ridges can form on hillsides due to the slow movement of soil.
• Broken retaining walls: The pressure from slowly moving soil can cause retaining walls to crack or collapse.

1. c) Describe the following chemical weathering processes:

• i) Hydration: This is the process where certain minerals absorb water molecules into their crystal structure, causing them to expand and become weaker, making them more susceptible to further weathering.
• ii) Oxidation: This occurs when minerals, particularly those containing iron, react with oxygen in the presence of water. This reaction forms oxides, such as rust, which weakens the rock and often gives it a reddish-brown color.
• iii) Carbonation: This is the reaction of carbonic acid (formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water) with carbonate minerals, most commonly calcium carbonate in limestone. This reaction dissolves the rock, leading to the formation of caves and karstic landscapes.

1. d) Students from Koyude high school carried field study on weathering around their school.

• i) Give three reasons why they carried out a reconnaissance survey.
  • To familiarize themselves with the study area.
  • To identify suitable sites for data collection.
  • To assess potential risks or challenges in the field.
  • To plan the logistics and resources needed for the main study.
• ii) State two methods they used to record the data collected during field study.
  • Note-taking
  • Photography
  • Sketching
  • Mapping
  • Using questionnaires or interviews

2. a) Explain how the following factors influence climate.

• i) Altitude: As altitude increases, temperature generally decreases due to the lower density of air and reduced absorption of solar radiation. Higher altitudes also often experience higher precipitation and stronger winds.
• ii) Aspect: The aspect (direction a slope faces) influences the amount of solar radiation received. Slopes facing the sun (e.g., south-facing in the Northern Hemisphere) are warmer and drier, while those facing away are cooler and moister, affecting vegetation and local climate.

2. b) With the aid of a well labeled diagram, describe how relief rainfall is formed.

• Diagram:

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