Explain soil formation, land degradation, and land conservation methods.

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5. Planting of trees in rows in the surrounding of cultivable grounds is known as Shelterbelts or Windbreaks.

6. Afforestation in fallow lands etc. is a method of land conservation and ecological restoration.

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• How is soil formed? Soil is formed through a slow process called weathering, where rocks are broken down into smaller particles by physical, chemical, and biological forces. Over time, these rock particles mix with organic matter from decaying plants and animals, forming the various layers of soil.

• What are the reasons for land degradation? Land degradation is caused by factors such as deforestation, overgrazing, over-cultivation, soil erosion (due to wind and water), salinization (build-up of salts), and desertification. Human activities often accelerate these processes.

• What are the steps for land conservation? Steps for land conservation include afforestation (planting new forests) and reforestation (replanting existing forests), contour ploughing, terrace farming, crop rotation, establishing shelterbelts (windbreaks), and implementing controlled grazing practices.