Study the map extract IFO DISTRICT on a scale 1:50,000 and answer the questions that follow:

Here are the answers to your questions:

4.

*a) Calculate the:

i) Annual temperature:
The annual temperature is the average of the monthly temperatures.

$$\text{Sum of monthly temperatures} = 27+27+28+28+28+27+27+27+27+27+26+28 = 327^\circ \text{C}$$ $$\text{Annual temperature} = \frac{327^\circ \text{C}}{12} = \boxed{27.25^\circ \text{C}}$$

ii) Mean annual rainfall:
The mean annual rainfall is the sum of the monthly rainfall values.

$$\text{Mean annual rainfall} = 178+178+180+200+250+270+240+220+260+280+190+170 = \boxed{2616 \text{ mm}}$$

iii) Rainfall range:
The rainfall range is the difference between the highest and lowest monthly rainfall.

$$\text{Highest rainfall} = 280 \text{ mm (October)}$$ $$\text{Lowest rainfall} = 170 \text{ mm (December)}$$ $$\text{Rainfall range} = 280 \text{ mm} - 170 \text{ mm} = \boxed{110 \text{ mm}}$$

b) Plot the rainfall distribution pattern of the station on bar graph.
I cannot provide a diagram or plot a graph in this format.

5.

a) Define Karst region.
A Karst region is a landscape characterized by distinctive landforms created by the dissolution of soluble bedrock, primarily limestone, dolomite, or gypsum. These regions typically feature sinkholes, caves, underground drainage systems, and a lack of surface rivers.

b) List five underground features of Karst region.

• Caves
• Caverns
• Stalactites
• Stalagmites
• Pillars (columns)

c) Enumerate four importance of Karst region.

• Water supply: Karst aquifers are significant sources of groundwater for many populations.
• Tourism: The unique landscapes, caves, and geological formations attract tourists, contributing to local economies.
• Scientific research: Karst areas provide valuable sites for studying geology, hydrology, and paleontology.
• Unique ecosystems: Caves host specialized and often endemic flora and fauna, contributing to biodiversity.

d) List five problems of Karst region.

• Groundwater contamination: Karst aquifers are highly vulnerable to pollution due to rapid infiltration and direct connections to the surface.
• Sinkhole collapse: Sudden collapse of sinkholes can damage infrastructure, buildings, and endanger lives.
• Unstable foundations: Building on karst terrain is risky due to unpredictable ground stability and the potential for subsidence.
• Water scarcity: Rapid underground drainage can lead to a lack of surface water, making water management challenging.
• Difficult waste disposal: Proper waste disposal is problematic due to the high risk of contaminating groundwater.