This geography problem is solved step by step below, with detailed explanations to help you understand the method and arrive at the correct answer.
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2.1 Tabulate THREE advantages and disadvantages of compass surveying. | Advantages of Compass Surveying | Disadvantages of Compass Surveying | | :------------------------------ | :--------------------------------- | | 1. Simple and quick method for reconnaissance surveys. | 1. Less accurate than other surveying methods. | | 2. Equipment is relatively inexpensive and portable. | 2. Susceptible to local magnetic attractions, causing errors. | | 3. Suitable for small areas or rough surveys. | 3. Errors are difficult to detect and correct. | 2.2 Calculate the volume of the material that has been excavated if the ground level is 90 m and the quarry has been excavated to a reduced level of 67 m. Step 1: List the given coordinates. The coordinates are given as (Y, X). For area calculation using the shoelace formula, we typically use (X, Y). R1: (X_1, Y_1) = (209.90, 105.10) R2: (X_2, Y_2) = (320.75, 130.32) R3: (X_3, Y_3) = (540.20, 305.70) R4: (X_4, Y_4) = (600.24, 506.50) Step 2: Calculate the area of the closed traverse using the coordinate method (shoelace formula). The formula for the area A of a polygon with n vertices is: A = (1)/(2) | _i=1^n (X_i Y_i+1 - X_i+1 Y_i) | where (X_n+1, Y_n+1) = (X_1, Y_1). Calculate the sum of (X_i Y_i+1) terms: X_1 Y_2 = 209.90 × 130.32 = 27351.468 X_2 Y_3 = 320.75 × 305.70 = 98040.075 X_3 Y_4 = 540.20 × 506.50 = 273491.300 X_4 Y_1 = 600.24 × 105.10 = 63085.224 Sum (X_i Y_i+1) = 27351.468 + 98040.075 + 273491.300 + 63085.224 = 461968.067 Calculate the sum of (X_i+1 Y_i) terms: X_2 Y_1 = 320.75 × 105.10 = 33711.325 X_3 Y_2 = 540.20 × 130.32 = 70409.864 X_4 Y_3 = 600.24 × 305.70 = 183503.208 X_1 Y_4 = 209.90 × 506.50 = 106314.350 Sum (X_i+1 Y_i) = 33711.325 + 70409.864 + 183503.208 + 106314.350 = 393938.747 Now, calculate the area A: A = (1)/(2) | 461968.067 - 393938.747 | A = (1)/(2) | 68029.32 | A = 34014.66 m^2 Step 3: Calculate the depth of excavation. Ground level = 90 m Reduced level (excavated) = 67 m Depth D = Ground level - Reduced level D = 90 m - 67 m = 23 m Step 4: Calculate the volume of the excavated material. Volume V = Area × Depth V = 34014.66 m^2 × 23 m V = 782337.18 m^3 The volume of the material that has been excavated is 782337.18 m^3.