How do tectonic plates shape Earth's surface?

Earth's lithosphere is divided into ~15 major tectonic plates floating on the asthenosphere. Plate interactions create landforms: Convergent (collision): oceanic-continental → volcanic mountains (Andes), subduction trenches. Continental-continental → mountain ranges (Himalayas). Divergent (separation): mid-ocean ridges (Mid-Atlantic Ridge), rift valleys (East African Rift). Transform (sliding): earthquakes (San Andreas Fault). Hotspots: volcanic islands from mantle plumes (Hawaii). Plate movement: 2-10 cm/year, driven by mantle convection currents.