State three formations in which minerals occur. (b) Outline four benefits of soda ash mining to the economy of Kenya. (c) Explain four negative effects of mining to the environment.

Here are three formations in which minerals occur:

• Igneous formations: Minerals crystallize directly from molten rock (magma or lava) as it cools and solidifies. Examples include diamonds in kimberlite pipes or chromite in ultrabasic intrusions.
• Sedimentary formations: Minerals are formed through the accumulation and compaction of sediments, often precipitated from water or deposited by wind and water. Examples include coal, rock salt, and iron ore in banded iron formations.
• Metamorphic formations: Existing rocks undergo changes in temperature, pressure, or chemical environment, leading to the recrystallization of minerals or the formation of new ones. Examples include graphite, asbestos, and marble.

3 zimekamilika, zimebaki 2 leo. Unapiga hatua.