This geography problem is solved step by step below, with detailed explanations to help you understand the method and arrive at the correct answer.

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i) horizon A: This is the topsoil, characterized by a high concentration of organic matter (humus), making it dark in color and rich in biological activity.
ii) horizon B: This is the subsoil, where clay, iron, and aluminum compounds accumulate, leached from the A horizon. It is denser and has less organic matter than horizon A.
iii) horizon C: This is the parent material, consisting of partially weathered rock or unconsolidated sediment from which the soil developed. It contains very little organic matter.
iv) horizon D: This is typically the bedrock (R horizon), which is the unweathered, solid rock layer found beneath the C horizon.
b) Classification of rocks by mode of formation: • Marble: Metamorphic • Gabbro: Igneous • Dolomite: Sedimentary • Limestone: Sedimentary • Slate: Metamorphic
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This is the topsoil, characterized by a high concentration of organic matter (humus), making it dark in color and rich in biological activity.
This geography problem is solved step by step below, with detailed explanations to help you understand the method and arrive at the correct answer.