Apart from the speaker identified in Extract II, name two other political figures in his delegation. (1+2+2 Marks) (i) Which important event proceeded holding the conference identified in c (i) above. (ii) What important decisions were taken at this conference? (1+3 Marks)

The British introduced indirect rule primarily due to practical reasons, including a shortage of administrative personnel and financial resources. They also believed it was a more cost-effective and efficient way to govern vast territories by leveraging existing traditional political structures and leaders. This approach aimed to minimize resistance by maintaining a semblance of local autonomy while ensuring British control.

• Preservation of traditional institutions: Indirect rule allowed some traditional political structures, customs, and laws to remain intact, which could reduce cultural disruption.
• Reduced direct interference: Local leaders often handled day-to-day administration, potentially shielding the population from direct, pervasive European control in some aspects.
• Cost-effectiveness: The system was less expensive for the British, which sometimes meant fewer taxes or less exploitation of resources compared to direct rule.

• Reinforcement of autocratic rule: The British often empowered traditional leaders, sometimes creating or strengthening autocratic systems that were not always accountable to their people.
• Lack of development: British administrators often prioritized stability and resource extraction over the development of infrastructure, education, or healthcare in these areas.
• Divisive policies: Indirect rule could exacerbate ethnic divisions by favoring certain groups or leaders, leading to future conflicts.
• Limited political participation: It stifled the emergence of modern political consciousness and participation, as power remained largely with traditional elites sanctioned by the British.