The Nigerian Civil War (Biafran War) of 1967-1970 was directly caused by the

Here are the answers to questions 33-47:

33. The Nigerian Civil War (Biafran War) of 1967-1970 was directly caused by the

• A: secession of the Eastern Region of Nigeria as the Independent Republic of Biafra under Colonel Ojukwu.

The declaration of independence by Biafra directly led to the outbreak of the Nigerian Civil War.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

34. The de Klerk-Mandela negotiations in South Africa between 1990 and 1994 finally resulted in the

• A: first non-racial democratic elections of April 1994 in which Mandela was elected President.

These negotiations successfully dismantled apartheid and paved the way for South Africa's first democratic elections, leading to Nelson Mandela's presidency.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

35. A major political effect of the French Revolution of 1789 on the rest of Europe was the

• A: spread of liberal and nationalist ideas which challenged absolutist monarchies.

The ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity, along with the rise of nationalism, inspired revolutionary movements and challenged the existing monarchical order across Europe.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

36. The Industrial Revolution which began in Britain after 1750 had its most immediate impact on the textile industry through the

• A: introduction of mechanised inventions such as the Spinning Jenny, Water Frame and Power Loom.

These inventions dramatically increased the efficiency and output of textile production, revolutionizing the industry.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

37. The Concert of Europe established by the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) was designed primarily to

• A: maintain a balance of power in Europe and suppress revolutionary movements.

The Congress aimed to restore stability after the Napoleonic Wars by ensuring no single power dominated Europe and by preventing future revolutions.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

38. A major external factor that contributed to the unification of Italy by 1870 was the

• A: support of Napoleon III of France for Piedmont-Sardinia against Austria.

French military support was crucial in weakening Austrian control over Italian territories, which was a significant step towards Italian unification.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

39. The most important achievement of Bismarck's domestic policy in Germany after 1871 was the

• A: introduction of social insurance laws covering sickness, accidents and old age for German workers.

Bismarck introduced pioneering social welfare legislation to improve workers' conditions and counter the appeal of socialism.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

40. A major long-term cause of the First World War was the

• A: system of secret alliances and the arms race among the European powers.

The complex web of military alliances and the escalating arms race created a highly volatile situation that made a large-scale conflict almost inevitable.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

41. A direct outcome of the Treaty of Versailles (1919) for Europe was the

• A: a redrawing of European boundaries which created new states such as Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

The treaty significantly reshaped the map of Europe, leading to the dissolution of empires and the creation of new nation-states based on self-determination.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

42. The Wall Street Crash of October 1929 most significantly affected Europe by

• A: triggering a worldwide economic depression that destabilised democratic governments and aided the rise of fascism.

The crash led to the Great Depression, which had severe economic and political consequences globally, contributing to instability and the rise of extremist ideologies in Europe.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

43. The policy of Appeasement pursued by Britain and France in the 1930s reached its lowest point at the

• A: A Munich Conference of September 1938 which surrendered the Sudetenland to Hitler.

The Munich Agreement is widely seen as the peak of appeasement, where Britain and France conceded to Hitler's demands for the Sudetenland in an attempt to avoid war.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

44. The most significant political consequence of the Second World War for Europe was the

• A: a division of the continent into Western and Eastern blocs dominated by the USA and USSR respectively.

The end of WWII led to the Cold War and the ideological and political division of Europe into two spheres of influence.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

45. The Truman Doctrine of March 1947 marked a major shift in American foreign policy because it committed the United States to

• A: the global containment of communism by providing military and economic aid to threatened states.

This doctrine established the US policy of supporting free peoples resisting attempted subjugation, primarily aimed at preventing the spread of communism.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

46. A direct outcome of the Berlin Blockade of 1948-49 was the

• A: A formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in April 1949.

The blockade highlighted the need for a collective security alliance among Western nations against Soviet aggression, leading to the formation of NATO.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.

47. The Bandung Conference of April 1955 was historically significant because it

• A: marked the formal beginning of the Non-Aligned Movement and the assertion of Afro-Asian solidarity.

The conference brought together newly independent Asian and African nations, laying the groundwork for the Non-Aligned Movement and promoting cooperation among them.
The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{A}}$.