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Complete the table. Find (i) the number of crosses needed for pattern 45, (ii) the nth term for the sum of crosses and dots.

Mathematics

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2 parts
b(i)

137\text{137}

b(ii)

n2+3n+2n^2 + 3n + 2

Step-by-step solution

8 steps

Part a· 3 steps

  1. Analyze the pattern for the number of dots.

    Pattern 1: 1 dot (121^2)
    Pattern 2: 4 dots (222^2)
    Pattern 3: 9 dots (323^2)
    This sequence is n2n^2. For pattern 4, the number of dots is 42=164^2 = 16. This is already given in the table.

  2. Analyze the pattern for the number of crosses.

    Pattern 1: 5 crosses
    Pattern 2: 8 crosses
    Pattern 3: 11 crosses
    This is an arithmetic progression with a common difference d=8−5=3d = 8-5 = 3.
    The formula for the nn-th term is an=a1+(n−1)da_n = a_1 + (n-1)d.
    Here a1=5a_1 = 5 and d=3d = 3.
    So, an=5+(n−1)3=5+3n−3=3n+2a_n = 5 + (n-1)3 = 5 + 3n - 3 = 3n + 2.
    For pattern 4, the number of crosses is 3(4)+2=12+2=143(4) + 2 = 12 + 2 = 14.

  3. Analyze the pattern for the sum of crosses and dots.

    Pattern 1: 1+5=61+5 = 6
    Pattern 2: 4+8=124+8 = 12
    Pattern 3: 9+11=209+11 = 20
    For pattern 4, the sum is 16+14=3016+14 = 30.

    The completed table is:

    pattern1234
    number of dots14916
    number of crosses581114
    sum of crosses and dots6122030

Part b(i)

137\text{137}

  1. Use the nn-th term formula for the number of crosses derived in part (a), which is 3n+23n+2.

  2. Substitute n=45n=45 into the formula.

    Number of crosses=3(45)+2\text{Number of crosses} = 3(45) + 2 Number of crosses=135+2\text{Number of crosses} = 135 + 2 Number of crosses=137\text{Number of crosses} = 137

    The number of crosses needed for pattern 45 is 137\boxed{\text{137}}.

Part b(ii)

n2+3n+2n^2 + 3n + 2

  1. Analyze the sequence for the sum of crosses and dots

    6, 12, 20, ...
    Find the first differences: 12−6=612-6=6, 20−12=820-12=8.
    Find the second differences: 8−6=28-6=2.
    Since the second difference is constant, the nn-th term is a quadratic sequence of the form An2+Bn+CAn^2 + Bn + C.

  2. Determine the coefficients AA, BB, and CC.

    For a quadratic sequence, 2A=second difference2A = \text{second difference}, so 2A=2⇒A=12A = 2 \Rightarrow A = 1.
    The first term of the first differences is 3A+B3A+B, so 3(1)+B=6⇒3+B=6⇒B=33(1)+B = 6 \Rightarrow 3+B=6 \Rightarrow B=3.
    The first term of the sequence is A+B+CA+B+C, so 1+3+C=6⇒4+C=6⇒C=21+3+C = 6 \Rightarrow 4+C=6 \Rightarrow C=2.

  3. Write the nn-th term.

    The nn-th term for the sum of crosses and dots is n2+3n+2n^2 + 3n + 2.
    The nn-th term for the sum of crosses and dots is n2+3n+2\boxed{n^2 + 3n + 2}.

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