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Find the derivative of f(x) = -3x2/x3 using first principles, and also use differentiation rules for y = 4e2x + 1/2 ln x - 3/√x + sin 30°.

Mathematics

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3.1
To determine the derivative of f(x)=−3x2x3f(x) = \frac{-3x^2}{x^3} using first principles, we first simplify f(x)f(x).

  1. Simplify f(x)f(x).

    f(x)=−3x2x3=−3x−1f(x) = \frac{-3x^2}{x^3} = -3x^{-1}
  2. Apply the first principles formula f′(x)=lim⁡h→0f(x+h)−f(x)hf'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}.

    f′(x)=lim⁡h→0−3(x+h)−1−(−3x−1)hf'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{-3(x+h)^{-1} - (-3x^{-1})}{h} f′(x)=lim⁡h→0−3x+h+3xhf'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\frac{-3}{x+h} + \frac{3}{x}}{h}
  3. Combine the fractions in the numerator.

    f′(x)=lim⁡h→0−3x+3(x+h)x(x+h)hf'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\frac{-3x + 3(x+h)}{x(x+h)}}{h} f′(x)=lim⁡h→0−3x+3x+3hx(x+h)hf'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\frac{-3x + 3x + 3h}{x(x+h)}}{h} f′(x)=lim⁡h→03hx(x+h)hf'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\frac{3h}{x(x+h)}}{h}
  4. Simplify by canceling hh.

    f′(x)=lim⁡h→03x(x+h)f'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{3}{x(x+h)}
  5. Evaluate the limit as h→0h \to 0.

    f′(x)=3x(x+0)=3x2f'(x) = \frac{3}{x(x+0)} = \frac{3}{x^2}

    The derivative of f(x)f(x) by first principles is 3x2\boxed{\frac{3}{x^2}}.

    3.2
    Use differentiation rules to determine the derivatives of each of the following:

    3.2.1
    Given y=4e2x+12ln⁡x−3x+sin⁡30∘y = 4e^{2x} + \frac{1}{2}\ln x - \frac{3}{\sqrt{x}} + \sin 30^\circ.

  6. Rewrite terms with exponents for differentiation.

    y=4e2x+12ln⁡x−3x−1/2+sin⁡30∘y = 4e^{2x} + \frac{1}{2}\ln x - 3x^{-1/2} + \sin 30^\circ
  7. Differentiate each term.

    Remember sin⁡30∘\sin 30^\circ is a constant.

    dydx=ddx(4e2x)+ddx(12ln⁡x)−ddx(3x−1/2)+ddx(sin⁡30∘)\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{d}{dx}(4e^{2x}) + \frac{d}{dx}\left(\frac{1}{2}\ln x\right) - \frac{d}{dx}(3x^{-1/2}) + \frac{d}{dx}(\sin 30^\circ) dydx=4(2e2x)+12(1x)−3(−12x−3/2)+0\frac{dy}{dx} = 4(2e^{2x}) + \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right) - 3\left(-\frac{1}{2}x^{-3/2}\right) + 0 dydx=8e2x+12x+32x−3/2\frac{dy}{dx} = 8e^{2x} + \frac{1}{2x} + \frac{3}{2}x^{-3/2}
  8. Express with positive exponents and in surd form.

    dydx=8e2x+12x+32x3\frac{dy}{dx} = 8e^{2x} + \frac{1}{2x} + \frac{3}{2\sqrt{x^3}}

    The derivative is 8e2x+12x+32x3\boxed{8e^{2x} + \frac{1}{2x} + \frac{3}{2\sqrt{x^3}}}.

    3.2.2
    Given y=6x4−3x2x2y = \frac{6x^4 - 3x^2}{x^2}.

  9. Simplify the expression.

    y=6x4x2−3x2x2=6x2−3y = \frac{6x^4}{x^2} - \frac{3x^2}{x^2} = 6x^2 - 3
  10. Differentiate the simplified expression.

    dydx=ddx(6x2−3)\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{d}{dx}(6x^2 - 3) dydx=12x−0\frac{dy}{dx} = 12x - 0 dydx=12x\frac{dy}{dx} = 12x

    The derivative is 12x\boxed{12x}.

    3.2.3
    Given y=3x3sin⁡(2x)y = 3x^3 \sin(2x).

  11. Use the product rule

    ddx(uv)=u′v+uv′\frac{d}{dx}(uv) = u'v + uv'.
    Let u=3x3u = 3x^3 and v=sin⁡(2x)v = \sin(2x).
    Then u′=9x2u' = 9x^2 and v′=2cos⁡(2x)v' = 2\cos(2x).

  12. Apply the product rule.

    dydx=(9x2)(sin⁡(2x))+(3x3)(2cos⁡(2x))\frac{dy}{dx} = (9x^2)(\sin(2x)) + (3x^3)(2\cos(2x)) dydx=9x2sin⁡(2x)+6x3cos⁡(2x)\frac{dy}{dx} = 9x^2 \sin(2x) + 6x^3 \cos(2x)

    The derivative is 9x2sin⁡(2x)+6x3cos⁡(2x)\boxed{9x^2 \sin(2x) + 6x^3 \cos(2x)}.

    3.2.4
    Given y=3(2−x)4y = \frac{3}{(2-x)^4}.

  13. Rewrite the expression with a negative exponent.

    y=3(2−x)−4y = 3(2-x)^{-4}
  14. Use the chain rule

    dydx=dydu⋅dudx\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy}{du} \cdot \frac{du}{dx}.
    Let u=2−xu = 2-x, so dudx=−1\frac{du}{dx} = -1.
    Then y=3u−4y = 3u^{-4}, so dydu=3(−4)u−5=−12u−5\frac{dy}{du} = 3(-4)u^{-5} = -12u^{-5}.

  15. Apply the chain rule.

    dydx=(−12u−5)(−1)\frac{dy}{dx} = (-12u^{-5})(-1) dydx=12u−5\frac{dy}{dx} = 12u^{-5}
  16. Substitute back u=2−xu = 2-x and express with a positive exponent.

    dydx=12(2−x)−5=12(2−x)5\frac{dy}{dx} = 12(2-x)^{-5} = \frac{12}{(2-x)^5}

    The derivative is 12(2−x)5\boxed{\frac{12}{(2-x)^5}}.

    3.2.5
    Given y=ln⁡[cos⁡(3x)]y = \ln[\cos(3x)].

  17. Use the chain rule.

    Let u=cos⁡(3x)u = \cos(3x), so dudx=−3sin⁡(3x)\frac{du}{dx} = -3\sin(3x).
    Then y=ln⁡uy = \ln u, so dydu=1u\frac{dy}{du} = \frac{1}{u}.

  18. Apply the chain rule.

    dydx=1u⋅dudx\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{u} \cdot \frac{du}{dx} dydx=1cos⁡(3x)⋅(−3sin⁡(3x))\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{\cos(3x)} \cdot (-3\sin(3x)) dydx=−3sin⁡(3x)cos⁡(3x)\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-3\sin(3x)}{\cos(3x)}
  19. Simplify using trigonometric identities.

    dydx=−3tan⁡(3x)\frac{dy}{dx} = -3\tan(3x)

    The derivative is −3tan⁡(3x)\boxed{-3\tan(3x)}.

    3.2.6
    Given y=−3e5x+25x−2−x53+π2y = -3e^{5x} + \frac{2}{5x^{-2}} - \sqrt[3]{x^5} + \frac{\pi}{2}.

  20. Rewrite terms with exponents for differentiation.

    y=−3e5x+25x2−x5/3+π2y = -3e^{5x} + \frac{2}{5}x^2 - x^{5/3} + \frac{\pi}{2}
  21. Differentiate each term.

    Remember π2\frac{\pi}{2} is a constant.

    dydx=ddx(−3e5x)+ddx(25x2)−ddx(x5/3)+ddx(π2)\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{d}{dx}(-3e^{5x}) + \frac{d}{dx}\left(\frac{2}{5}x^2\right) - \frac{d}{dx}(x^{5/3}) + \frac{d}{dx}\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) dydx=−3(5e5x)+25(2x)−53x5/3−1+0\frac{dy}{dx} = -3(5e^{5x}) + \frac{2}{5}(2x) - \frac{5}{3}x^{5/3 - 1} + 0 dydx=−15e5x+45x−53x2/3\frac{dy}{dx} = -15e^{5x} + \frac{4}{5}x - \frac{5}{3}x^{2/3}
  22. Express with positive exponents and in surd

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