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Find the derivatives of the following functions from first principles or by using differentiation rules: f(x) = -2x2, f(x) = 3x2 − 6x, and y = 2*sqrt(x) - 8/x.

Mathematics

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6.1

To determine the derivative f′(x)f'(x) of f(x)=−2x2f(x) = -2x^2 from first principles, we use the definition:

f′(x)=lim⁡h→0f(x+h)−f(x)hf'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}
  1. Find f(x+h)f(x+h).

    f(x+h)=−2(x+h)2=−2(x2+2xh+h2)=−2x2−4xh−2h2f(x+h) = -2(x+h)^2 = -2(x^2 + 2xh + h^2) = -2x^2 - 4xh - 2h^2
  2. Find the difference f(x+h)−f(x)f(x+h) - f(x).

    f(x+h)−f(x)=(−2x2−4xh−2h2)−(−2x2)f(x+h) - f(x) = (-2x^2 - 4xh - 2h^2) - (-2x^2) f(x+h)−f(x)=−2x2−4xh−2h2+2x2f(x+h) - f(x) = -2x^2 - 4xh - 2h^2 + 2x^2 f(x+h)−f(x)=−4xh−2h2f(x+h) - f(x) = -4xh - 2h^2
  3. Form the difference quotient f(x+h)−f(x)h\frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}.

    f(x+h)−f(x)h=−4xh−2h2h=h(−4x−2h)h=−4x−2h\frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h} = \frac{-4xh - 2h^2}{h} = \frac{h(-4x - 2h)}{h} = -4x - 2h
  4. Take the limit as h→0h \to 0.

    f′(x)=lim⁡h→0(−4x−2h)=−4x−2(0)=−4xf'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} (-4x - 2h) = -4x - 2(0) = -4x

    The derivative is -4x\boxed{\text{-4x}}.

    6.2.1

    To differentiate f(x)=3x2−6xf(x) = 3x^2 - 6x with respect to xx, we apply the power rule ddx(axn)=naxn−1\frac{d}{dx}(ax^n) = nax^{n-1}.

  5. Differentiate each term.

    f′(x)=ddx(3x2)−ddx(6x)f'(x) = \frac{d}{dx}(3x^2) - \frac{d}{dx}(6x)
  6. Apply the power rule.

    ddx(3x2)=3⋅2x2−1=6x\frac{d}{dx}(3x^2) = 3 \cdot 2x^{2-1} = 6x ddx(6x)=6⋅1x1−1=6x0=6\frac{d}{dx}(6x) = 6 \cdot 1x^{1-1} = 6x^0 = 6
  7. Combine the results.

    f′(x)=6x−6f'(x) = 6x - 6

    The derivative is 6x - 6\boxed{\text{6x - 6}}.

    6.2.2

    To determine dydx\frac{dy}{dx} if y=2x−8xy = 2\sqrt{x} - \frac{8}{x}, we first rewrite yy using exponent notation.

  8. Rewrite yy using exponents.

    y=2x1/2−8x−1y = 2x^{1/2} - 8x^{-1}
  9. Differentiate each term using the power rule.

    dydx=ddx(2x1/2)−ddx(8x−1)\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{d}{dx}(2x^{1/2}) - \frac{d}{dx}(8x^{-1}) ddx(2x1/2)=2⋅12x1/2−1=x−1/2\frac{d}{dx}(2x^{1/2}) = 2 \cdot \frac{1}{2} x^{1/2 - 1} = x^{-1/2} ddx(8x−1)=8⋅(−1)x−1−1=−8x−2\frac{d}{dx}(8x^{-1}) = 8 \cdot (-1) x^{-1 - 1} = -8x^{-2}
  10. Combine the results.

    dydx=x−1/2−(−8x−2)=x−1/2+8x−2\frac{dy}{dx} = x^{-1/2} - (-8x^{-2}) = x^{-1/2} + 8x^{-2}

    The derivative is \boxed{\text{x^{-1/2} + 8x^{-2}}}.

    6.3

    To determine dydx\frac{dy}{dx} if xy−5=x3xy - 5 = \sqrt{x^3}, we first solve for yy explicitly.

  11. Isolate yy.

    xy=x3+5xy = \sqrt{x^3} + 5 xy=x3/2+5xy = x^{3/2} + 5 y=x3/2+5xy = \frac{x^{3/2} + 5}{x} y=x3/2x+5xy = \frac{x^{3/2}}{x} + \frac{5}{x} y=x3/2−1+5x−1y = x^{3/2 - 1} + 5x^{-1} y=x1/2+5x−1y = x^{1/2} + 5x^{-1}
  12. Differentiate yy with respect to xx using the power rule.

    dydx=ddx(x1/2)+ddx(5x−1)\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{d}{dx}(x^{1/2}) + \frac{d}{dx}(5x^{-1}) ddx(x1/2)=12x1/2−1=12x−1/2\frac{d}{dx}(x^{1/2}) = \frac{1}{2}x^{1/2 - 1} = \frac{1}{2}x^{-1/2} ddx(5x−1)=5⋅(−1)x−1−1=−5x−2\frac{d}{dx}(5x^{-1}) = 5 \cdot (-1)x^{-1 - 1} = -5x^{-2}
  13. Combine the results.

    dydx=12x−1/2−5x−2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{2}x^{-1/2} - 5x^{-2}

    The derivative is \boxed{\text{\frac{1}{2}x^{-1/2} - 5x^{-2}}}.

    6.4

    To determine the equation of the tangent to the graph of f(x)=10x−x2f(x) = 10x - x^2 at the point where f′(x)=−2f'(x) = -2.

  14. Find the derivative f′(x)f'(x).

    f(x)=10x−x2f(x) = 10x - x^2 f′(x)=ddx(10x)−ddx(x2)=10−2xf'(x) = \frac{d}{dx}(10x) - \frac{d}{dx}(x^2) = 10 - 2x
  15. Find the x-coordinate of the point of tangency by setting f′(x)=−2f'(x) = -2.

    10−2x=−210 - 2x = -2 −2x=−2−10-2x = -2 - 10 −2x=−12-2x = -12 x=6x = 6
  16. Find the y-coordinate of the point of tangency by substituting x=6x=6 into f(x)f(x).

    f(6)=10(6)−(6)2f(6) = 10(6) - (6)^2 f(6)=60−36f(6) = 60 - 36 f(6)=24f(6) = 24

    The point of tangency is (6,24)(6, 24). The slope of the tangent (mm) is given as −2-2.

  17. Use the point-slope form of a linear equation, y−y1=m(x−x1)y - y_1 = m(x - x_1).

    y−24=−2(x−6)y - 24 = -2(x - 6) y−24=−2x+12y - 24 = -2x + 12 y=−2x+12+24y = -2x + 12 + 24 y=−2x+36y = -2x + 36

    The equation of the tangent is y = -2x + 36\boxed{\text{y = -2x + 36}}.

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