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Evaluate the integral of (cos⁻¹ x)2 with respect to x.

Mathematics

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Answer

x(cos⁡−1x)2−21−x2cos⁡−1x−2x+Cx(\cos^{-1} x)^2 - 2\sqrt{1-x^2} \cos^{-1} x - 2x + C

Step-by-step solution

3 steps
  1. Use integration by parts.

    Let u=(cos⁡−1x)2u = (\cos^{-1} x)^2 and dv=dxdv = dx.
    Then, we find dudu and vv:

    du=2(cos⁡−1x)⋅ddx(cos⁡−1x) dx=2(cos⁡−1x)(−11−x2) dxdu = 2(\cos^{-1} x) \cdot \frac{d}{dx}(\cos^{-1} x) \, dx = 2(\cos^{-1} x) \left(\frac{-1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\right) \, dx v=∫dx=xv = \int dx = x

    The integration by parts formula is ∫u dv=uv−∫v du\int u \, dv = uv - \int v \, du.

    ∫(cos⁡−1x)2dx=x(cos⁡−1x)2−∫x⋅2(cos⁡−1x)(−11−x2) dx\int (\cos^{-1} x)^2 dx = x(\cos^{-1} x)^2 - \int x \cdot 2(\cos^{-1} x) \left(\frac{-1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\right) \, dx ∫(cos⁡−1x)2dx=x(cos⁡−1x)2+2∫xcos⁡−1x1−x2 dx\int (\cos^{-1} x)^2 dx = x(\cos^{-1} x)^2 + 2 \int \frac{x \cos^{-1} x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \, dx
  2. Evaluate the new integral using integration by parts again.

    Consider the integral I2=∫xcos⁡−1x1−x2 dxI_2 = \int \frac{x \cos^{-1} x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \, dx.
    Let U=cos⁡−1xU = \cos^{-1} x and dV=x1−x2 dxdV = \frac{x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \, dx.
    Then, we find dUdU and VV:

    dU=−11−x2 dxdU = \frac{-1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \, dx

    To find VV, integrate dVdV:
    Let w=1−x2w = 1-x^2, so dw=−2x dxdw = -2x \, dx, which means x dx=−12dwx \, dx = -\frac{1}{2} dw.

    V=∫x1−x2 dx=∫−12dww=−12∫w−1/2 dwV = \int \frac{x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \, dx = \int \frac{-\frac{1}{2} dw}{\sqrt{w}} = -\frac{1}{2} \int w^{-1/2} \, dw V=−12(w1/21/2)=−w1/2=−1−x2V = -\frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{w^{1/2}}{1/2}\right) = -w^{1/2} = -\sqrt{1-x^2}

    Now apply the integration by parts formula UV−∫V dUUV - \int V \, dU for I2I_2:

    I2=(cos⁡−1x)(−1−x2)−∫(−1−x2)(−11−x2) dxI_2 = (\cos^{-1} x)(-\sqrt{1-x^2}) - \int (-\sqrt{1-x^2}) \left(\frac{-1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\right) \, dx I2=−1−x2cos⁡−1x−∫1 dxI_2 = -\sqrt{1-x^2} \cos^{-1} x - \int 1 \, dx I2=−1−x2cos⁡−1x−xI_2 = -\sqrt{1-x^2} \cos^{-1} x - x
  3. Substitute I2I_2 back into the expression from Step 1.

    ∫(cos⁡−1x)2dx=x(cos⁡−1x)2+2(−1−x2cos⁡−1x−x)+C\int (\cos^{-1} x)^2 dx = x(\cos^{-1} x)^2 + 2 \left( -\sqrt{1-x^2} \cos^{-1} x - x \right) + C ∫(cos⁡−1x)2dx=x(cos⁡−1x)2−21−x2cos⁡−1x−2x+C\int (\cos^{-1} x)^2 dx = x(\cos^{-1} x)^2 - 2\sqrt{1-x^2} \cos^{-1} x - 2x + C

    The final answer is x(cos⁡−1x)2−21−x2cos⁡−1x−2x+Cx(\cos^{-1} x)^2 - 2\sqrt{1-x^2} \cos^{-1} x - 2x + C.

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