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The problem describes drawing two balls without replacement from a bag containing 7 red (R), 4 white (W), and 6 blue (B) balls, for a total of 7+4+6=17 balls.

Mathematics

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Answers

4 parts
b(i)

717\frac{7}{17}

b(ii)

2168\frac{21}{68}

b(iii)

3968\frac{39}{68}

b(iv)

81136\frac{81}{136}

Step-by-step solution

13 steps

Here are the solutions for the probability problem:

Part a

Represent the information above on a tree diagram

The problem describes drawing two balls without replacement from a bag containing 7 red (R), 4 white (W), and 6 blue (B) balls, for a total of 7+4+6=177+4+6=17 balls.
The tree diagram shows the probabilities for the first draw and the conditional probabilities for the second draw.

First Draw:

  • P(R1)=717P(R_1) = \frac{7}{17}
  • P(W1)=417P(W_1) = \frac{4}{17}
  • P(B1)=617P(B_1) = \frac{6}{17}

Second Draw (without replacement):

  • If R1R_1: P(R2∣R1)=616P(R_2|R_1) = \frac{6}{16}, P(W2∣R1)=416P(W_2|R_1) = \frac{4}{16}, P(B2∣R1)=616P(B_2|R_1) = \frac{6}{16}
  • If W1W_1: P(R2∣W1)=716P(R_2|W_1) = \frac{7}{16}, P(W2∣W1)=316P(W_2|W_1) = \frac{3}{16}, P(B2∣W1)=616P(B_2|W_1) = \frac{6}{16}
  • If B1B_1: P(R2∣B1)=716P(R_2|B_1) = \frac{7}{16}, P(W2∣B1)=416P(W_2|B_1) = \frac{4}{16}, P(B2∣B1)=516P(B_2|B_1) = \frac{5}{16}

The tree diagram in the image correctly illustrates these probabilities.

Part b(i)

717\frac{7}{17}

The second ball drawn is red

Use the tree diagram to find the probability that

This occurs if the sequence of draws is (Red, Red), (White, Red), or (Blue, Red).

  1. Identify the probabilities for each path.

    P(R1 and R2)=717×616=42272P(R_1 \text{ and } R_2) = \frac{7}{17} \times \frac{6}{16} = \frac{42}{272} P(W1 and R2)=417×716=28272P(W_1 \text{ and } R_2) = \frac{4}{17} \times \frac{7}{16} = \frac{28}{272} P(B1 and R2)=617×716=42272P(B_1 \text{ and } R_2) = \frac{6}{17} \times \frac{7}{16} = \frac{42}{272}
  2. Sum these probabilities.

    P(2nd ball is Red)=42272+28272+42272=42+28+42272=112272P(\text{2nd ball is Red}) = \frac{42}{272} + \frac{28}{272} + \frac{42}{272} = \frac{42+28+42}{272} = \frac{112}{272}
  3. Simplify the fraction.

    P(2nd ball is Red)=112÷16272÷16=717P(\text{2nd ball is Red}) = \frac{112 \div 16}{272 \div 16} = \frac{7}{17}

    The probability that the second ball drawn is red is 717\boxed{\frac{7}{17}}.

Part b(ii)

2168\frac{21}{68}

The two balls are of the same colour

This occurs if the sequence of draws is (Red, Red), (White, White), or (Blue, Blue).

  1. Identify the probabilities for each path.

    P(R1 and R2)=717×616=42272P(R_1 \text{ and } R_2) = \frac{7}{17} \times \frac{6}{16} = \frac{42}{272} P(W1 and W2)=417×316=12272P(W_1 \text{ and } W_2) = \frac{4}{17} \times \frac{3}{16} = \frac{12}{272} P(B1 and B2)=617×516=30272P(B_1 \text{ and } B_2) = \frac{6}{17} \times \frac{5}{16} = \frac{30}{272}
  2. Sum these probabilities.

    P(same colour)=42272+12272+30272=42+12+30272=84272P(\text{same colour}) = \frac{42}{272} + \frac{12}{272} + \frac{30}{272} = \frac{42+12+30}{272} = \frac{84}{272}
  3. Simplify the fraction.

    P(same colour)=84÷4272÷4=2168P(\text{same colour}) = \frac{84 \div 4}{272 \div 4} = \frac{21}{68}

    The probability that the two balls are of the same colour is 2168\boxed{\frac{21}{68}}.

Part b(iii)

3968\frac{39}{68}

No white ball is drawn

This means both balls drawn are either red or blue. The possible sequences are (Red, Red), (Red, Blue), (Blue, Red), or (Blue, Blue).

  1. Identify the probabilities for each path.

    P(R1 and R2)=717×616=42272P(R_1 \text{ and } R_2) = \frac{7}{17} \times \frac{6}{16} = \frac{42}{272} P(R1 and B2)=717×616=42272P(R_1 \text{ and } B_2) = \frac{7}{17} \times \frac{6}{16} = \frac{42}{272} P(B1 and R2)=617×716=42272P(B_1 \text{ and } R_2) = \frac{6}{17} \times \frac{7}{16} = \frac{42}{272} P(B1 and B2)=617×516=30272P(B_1 \text{ and } B_2) = \frac{6}{17} \times \frac{5}{16} = \frac{30}{272}
  2. Sum these probabilities.

    P(no white ball)=42272+42272+42272+30272=42+42+42+30272=156272P(\text{no white ball}) = \frac{42}{272} + \frac{42}{272} + \frac{42}{272} + \frac{30}{272} = \frac{42+42+42+30}{272} = \frac{156}{272}
  3. Simplify the fraction.

    P(no white ball)=156÷4272÷4=3968P(\text{no white ball}) = \frac{156 \div 4}{272 \div 4} = \frac{39}{68}

    The probability that no white ball is drawn is 3968\boxed{\frac{39}{68}}.

Part b(iv)

81136\frac{81}{136}

At least one ball is blue

It is easier to calculate the complement: 1−P(no blue ball)1 - P(\text{no blue ball}).
"No blue ball" means both balls drawn are either red or white. The possible sequences are (Red, Red), (Red, White), (White, Red), or (White, White).

  1. Identify the probabilities for each path where no blue ball is drawn.

    P(R1 and R2)=717×616=42272P(R_1 \text{ and } R_2) = \frac{7}{17} \times \frac{6}{16} = \frac{42}{272} P(R1 and W2)=717×416=28272P(R_1 \text{ and } W_2) = \frac{7}{17} \times \frac{4}{16} = \frac{28}{272} P(W1 and R2)=417×716=28272P(W_1 \text{ and } R_2) = \frac{4}{17} \times \frac{7}{16} = \frac{28}{272} P(W1 and W2)=417×316=12272P(W_1 \text{ and } W_2) = \frac{4}{17} \times \frac{3}{16} = \frac{12}{272}
  2. Sum these probabilities to find P(no blue ball)P(\text{no blue ball}).

    P(no blue ball)=42272+28272+28272+12272=42+28+28+12272=110272P(\text{no blue ball}) = \frac{42}{272} + \frac{28}{272} + \frac{28}{272} + \frac{12}{272} = \frac{42+28+28+12}{272} = \frac{110}{272}
  3. Simplify the fraction.

    P(no blue ball)=110÷2272÷2=55136P(\text{no blue ball}) = \frac{110 \div 2}{272 \div 2} = \frac{55}{136}
  4. Calculate P(at least one blue ball)P(\text{at least one blue ball}).

    P(at least one blue ball)=1−P(no blue ball)=1−55136=136136−55136=136−55136=81136P(\text{at least one blue ball}) = 1 - P(\text{no blue ball}) = 1 - \frac{55}{136} = \frac{136}{136} - \frac{55}{136} = \frac{136-55}{136} = \frac{81}{136}

    The probability that at least one ball is blue is 81136\boxed{\frac{81}{136}}.

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