Using data from Table 1, draw a suitable statistical diagram. Account for the differences in population characteristics between Japan and Somalia. Describe measures Somalia can take to attain Japan's population structure.

Step 1: Determine total population for each country (in thousands of persons).

Japan total population:
$34{,}248 + 32{,}649 = 66{,}897$ thousand persons.

Somalia total population:
$31{,}459 + 30{,}124 = 61{,}583$ thousand persons.

Step 2: Calculate population aged 0-14 years (in thousands of persons) and percentage of total population.

Japan 0-4: $1{,}848 + 1{,}764 = 3{,}612$
Japan 5-9: $1{,}901 + 1{,}817 = 3{,}718$
Japan 10-14: $2{,}074 + 1{,}984 = 4{,}058$
Japan 0-14 total: $3{,}612 + 3{,}718 + 4{,}058 = 11{,}388$
Japan % 0-14: $\frac{11{,}388}{66{,}897} \times 100\% = 17.0\%$

Somalia 0-4: $4{,}937 + 4{,}749 = 9{,}686$
Somalia 5-9: $4{,}682 + 4{,}510 = 9{,}192$
Somalia 10-14: $4{,}297 + 4{,}142 = 8{,}439$
Somalia 0-14 total: $9{,}686 + 9{,}192 + 8{,}439 = 27{,}317$
Somalia % 0-14: $\frac{27{,}317}{61{,}583} \times 100\% = 44.4\%$

Step 3: Calculate population aged 65+ years (in thousands of persons) and percentage of total population.

Japan 65+: $21{,}970 + 3{,}548 + 2{,}683 + 1{,}596 + 756 + 264 + 55 + 10 = 13{,}201$ (sum of age group totals)
Japan % 65+: $\frac{13{,}201}{66{,}897} \times 100\% = 19.7\%$

Somalia 65+: $609 + 378 + 209 + 98 + 37 + 12 + 2 + 0 = 1{,}345$ (sum of age group totals)
Somalia % 65+: $\frac{1{,}345}{61{,}583} \times 100\% = 2.2\%$

Part (1) Similarities:
Both Japan and Somalia show more males than females across most age groups, particularly in younger ages. Both population structures decrease in size with increasing age due to mortality, forming pyramid shapes.

Part (1) Differences:
Japan has a smaller proportion of young people ($17.0\%$ aged 0-14) and a large elderly population ($19.7\%$ aged 65+), with relatively stable numbers up to middle ages before declining. Somalia has a much larger youth population ($44.4\%$ aged 0-14) and very few elderly ($2.2\%$ aged 65+), with numbers declining rapidly after age 20.

Part (2):
Japan has an aging population (high proportion aged 65+ at $19.7\%$, low youth at $17.0\%$ 0-14).
Somalia has a youthful population (high proportion aged 0-14 at $44.4\%$, low elderly at $2.2\%$ 65+).

Japan: aging population

Somalia: youthful population