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Evaluate _x 0^+ x^ x

Mathematics

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Answer

1

e3/2e^{3/2}

e2e^2

Step-by-step solution

16 steps

Here are the evaluations for the given limits:

1) Evaluate lim⁡x→0+xsin⁡x\lim_{x \to 0^+} x^{\sin x}

  1. Identify the indeterminate form.

    As x→0+x \to 0^+, x→0x \to 0 and sin⁡x→0\sin x \to 0. This is an indeterminate form of type 000^0.

  2. Use logarithms to convert to a product form.

    Let y=xsin⁡xy = x^{\sin x}. Then ln⁡y=ln⁡(xsin⁡x)=sin⁡xln⁡x\ln y = \ln(x^{\sin x}) = \sin x \ln x.
    Now, we evaluate lim⁡x→0+ln⁡y=lim⁡x→0+sin⁡xln⁡x\lim_{x \to 0^+} \ln y = \lim_{x \to 0^+} \sin x \ln x.
    This is an indeterminate form of type 0⋅(−∞)0 \cdot (-\infty).

  3. Rewrite the expression to apply L'Hôpital's Rule.

    Rewrite sin⁡xln⁡x\sin x \ln x as ln⁡x1/sin⁡x=ln⁡xcsc⁡x\frac{\ln x}{1/\sin x} = \frac{\ln x}{\csc x}.
    Now, as x→0+x \to 0^+, ln⁡x→−∞\ln x \to -\infty and csc⁡x→∞\csc x \to \infty. This is an indeterminate form of type −∞∞\frac{-\infty}{\infty}.

  4. Apply L'Hôpital's Rule.

    lim⁡x→0+ddx(ln⁡x)ddx(csc⁡x)=lim⁡x→0+1/x−csc⁡xcot⁡x\lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{\frac{d}{dx}(\ln x)}{\frac{d}{dx}(\csc x)} = \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{1/x}{-\csc x \cot x} =lim⁡x→0+1x⋅−sin⁡xcos⁡x⋅sin⁡x= \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{-\sin x}{\cos x} \cdot \sin x =lim⁡x→0+−sin⁡2xxcos⁡x= \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{-\sin^2 x}{x \cos x}

    We can rewrite this as:

    =lim⁡x→0+(−sin⁡xx⋅sin⁡xcos⁡x)= \lim_{x \to 0^+} \left(-\frac{\sin x}{x} \cdot \frac{\sin x}{\cos x}\right) =lim⁡x→0+(−sin⁡xx⋅tan⁡x)= \lim_{x \to 0^+} \left(-\frac{\sin x}{x} \cdot \tan x\right)
  5. Evaluate the limit.

    We know that lim⁡x→0+sin⁡xx=1\lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1 and lim⁡x→0+tan⁡x=0\lim_{x \to 0^+} \tan x = 0.
    So, lim⁡x→0+ln⁡y=−(1⋅0)=0\lim_{x \to 0^+} \ln y = -(1 \cdot 0) = 0.

  6. Find the original limit.

    Since lim⁡x→0+ln⁡y=0\lim_{x \to 0^+} \ln y = 0, then lim⁡x→0+y=e0=1\lim_{x \to 0^+} y = e^0 = 1.

    The limit is 1\boxed{1}.

    2) Evaluate lim⁡x→0+(1+3x)1/(2x)\lim_{x \to 0^+} (1 + 3x)^{1/(2x)}

  7. Identify the indeterminate form.

    As x→0+x \to 0^+, 1+3x→11 + 3x \to 1 and 12x→∞\frac{1}{2x} \to \infty. This is an indeterminate form of type 1∞1^\infty.

  8. Use the standard limit definition of ee.

    Recall the definition: lim⁡u→0(1+u)1/u=e\lim_{u \to 0} (1 + u)^{1/u} = e.
    Let u=3xu = 3x. As x→0+x \to 0^+, u→0+u \to 0^+.
    Substitute uu into the expression:

    lim⁡u→0+(1+u)12(u/3)\lim_{u \to 0^+} \left(1 + u\right)^{\frac{1}{2(u/3)}} lim⁡u→0+(1+u)32u\lim_{u \to 0^+} \left(1 + u\right)^{\frac{3}{2u}}
  9. Manipulate the exponent to match the definition of ee.

    lim⁡u→0+[(1+u)1u]32\lim_{u \to 0^+} \left[\left(1 + u\right)^{\frac{1}{u}}\right]^{\frac{3}{2}}
  10. Evaluate the limit.

    Using the property of limits for powers:

    =[lim⁡u→0+(1+u)1u]32= \left[\lim_{u \to 0^+} \left(1 + u\right)^{\frac{1}{u}}\right]^{\frac{3}{2}} =e32= e^{\frac{3}{2}}

    The limit is e3/2\boxed{e^{3/2}}.

    3) Evaluate lim⁡x→∞(x2+x)1/ln⁡x\lim_{x \to \infty} (x^2 + x)^{1/\ln x}

  11. Identify the indeterminate form.

    As x→∞x \to \infty, x2+x→∞x^2 + x \to \infty and ln⁡x→∞\ln x \to \infty, so 1ln⁡x→0\frac{1}{\ln x} \to 0. This is an indeterminate form of type ∞0\infty^0.

  12. Use logarithms to convert to a product form.

    Let y=(x2+x)1/ln⁡xy = (x^2 + x)^{1/\ln x}. Then ln⁡y=ln⁡((x2+x)1/ln⁡x)=1ln⁡xln⁡(x2+x)=ln⁡(x2+x)ln⁡x\ln y = \ln\left((x^2 + x)^{1/\ln x}\right) = \frac{1}{\ln x} \ln(x^2 + x) = \frac{\ln(x^2 + x)}{\ln x}.
    Now, we evaluate lim⁡x→∞ln⁡y=lim⁡x→∞ln⁡(x2+x)ln⁡x\lim_{x \to \infty} \ln y = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\ln(x^2 + x)}{\ln x}.
    As x→∞x \to \infty, ln⁡(x2+x)→∞\ln(x^2 + x) \to \infty and ln⁡x→∞\ln x \to \infty. This is an indeterminate form of type ∞∞\frac{\infty}{\infty}.

  13. Apply L'Hôpital's Rule.

    lim⁡x→∞ddx(ln⁡(x2+x))ddx(ln⁡x)=lim⁡x→∞2x+1x2+x1x\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\frac{d}{dx}(\ln(x^2 + x))}{\frac{d}{dx}(\ln x)} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\frac{2x+1}{x^2+x}}{\frac{1}{x}}
  14. Simplify the expression.

    =lim⁡x→∞2x+1x2+x⋅x= \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2x+1}{x^2+x} \cdot x =lim⁡x→∞x(2x+1)x2+x= \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x(2x+1)}{x^2+x} =lim⁡x→∞2x2+xx2+x= \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2x^2+x}{x^2+x}
  15. Evaluate the limit by dividing by the highest power of xx in the denominator.

    Divide the numerator and denominator by x2x^2:

    =lim⁡x→∞2x2x2+xx2x2x2+xx2= \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\frac{2x^2}{x^2}+\frac{x}{x^2}}{\frac{x^2}{x^2}+\frac{x}{x^2}} =lim⁡x→∞2+1x1+1x= \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2+\frac{1}{x}}{1+\frac{1}{x}}

    As x→∞x \to \infty, 1x→0\frac{1}{x} \to 0.

    =2+01+0=2= \frac{2+0}{1+0} = 2

    So, lim⁡x→∞ln⁡y=2\lim_{x \to \infty} \ln y = 2.

  16. Find the original limit.

    Since lim⁡x→∞ln⁡y=2\lim_{x \to \infty} \ln y = 2, then lim⁡x→∞y=e2\lim_{x \to \infty} y = e^2.

    The limit is e2\boxed{e^2}.

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