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3 parts
6

C\text{C}

7

D\text{D}

8

B\text{B}

Step-by-step solution

8 steps

Part 6· 3 steps

The question asks what can cause a change in a vector.

  1. Consider the effect of "Rotation of frame of reference".

    If the coordinate system (frame of reference) rotates, the components of a vector, when expressed in that frame, will change. For example, a vector pointing along the XX-axis in one frame will have both XX and YY components in a frame rotated by 45∘45^\circ. Although the vector itself (its magnitude and direction in absolute space) remains unchanged, its representation (components) in the rotated frame changes. In physics, a change in components is considered a "change in a vector" in the context of its representation.

  2. Consider the effect of "Rotation of vector".

    If the vector itself rotates, its direction changes. A vector is defined by both its magnitude and direction. If either of these changes, the vector itself changes. For example, if a vector pointing east rotates to point north, it is a different vector.

  3. Conclude based on both effects.

    Both the rotation of the frame of reference (leading to a change in components) and the rotation of the vector itself (leading to a change in direction) result in a change in the vector.

    The final answer is C\boxed{\text{C}}.

Part 7

D\text{D}

Given that the resultant of two vectors A⃗\vec{A} and B⃗\vec{B} is perpendicular to A⃗\vec{A} and its magnitude is half of B⃗\vec{B}. We need to find the angle between A⃗\vec{A} and B⃗\vec{B}.

  1. Define the resultant vector and use the given conditions.

    Let R⃗=A⃗+B⃗\vec{R} = \vec{A} + \vec{B} be the resultant vector.
    Given that R⃗\vec{R} is perpendicular to A⃗\vec{A}, their dot product is zero:

    R⃗⋅A⃗=0\vec{R} \cdot \vec{A} = 0 (A⃗+B⃗)⋅A⃗=0(\vec{A} + \vec{B}) \cdot \vec{A} = 0 A⃗⋅A⃗+B⃗⋅A⃗=0\vec{A} \cdot \vec{A} + \vec{B} \cdot \vec{A} = 0

    Let A=∣A⃗∣A = |\vec{A}| and B=∣B⃗∣B = |\vec{B}|. Let θ\theta be the angle between A⃗\vec{A} and B⃗\vec{B}.

    A2+ABcos⁡θ=0A^2 + AB\cos\theta = 0

    Since A≠0A \ne 0 (otherwise R⃗\vec{R} would be B⃗\vec{B} and not perpendicular to A⃗\vec{A} unless B⃗\vec{B} is also zero), we can divide by AA:

    A+Bcos⁡θ=0A + B\cos\theta = 0 A=−Bcos⁡θ(1)A = -B\cos\theta \quad (1)

    Since AA is a magnitude, A>0A > 0. This implies that cos⁡θ\cos\theta must be negative, so θ\theta is an obtuse angle.

  2. Use the given magnitude of the resultant.

    Given that the magnitude of the resultant is half of B⃗\vec{B}:

    ∣R⃗∣=12∣B⃗∣  ⟹  R=B2|\vec{R}| = \frac{1}{2}|\vec{B}| \implies R = \frac{B}{2}

    The magnitude of the resultant of two vectors is given by:

    R2=A2+B2+2ABcos⁡θR^2 = A^2 + B^2 + 2AB\cos\theta

    Substitute R=B/2R = B/2:

    (B2)2=A2+B2+2ABcos⁡θ\left(\frac{B}{2}\right)^2 = A^2 + B^2 + 2AB\cos\theta B24=A2+B2+2ABcos⁡θ(2)\frac{B^2}{4} = A^2 + B^2 + 2AB\cos\theta \quad (2)
  3. Substitute equation (1) into equation (2) to solve for cos⁡θ\cos\theta.

    From (1), A=−Bcos⁡θA = -B\cos\theta. Substitute this into (2):

    B24=(−Bcos⁡θ)2+B2+2(−Bcos⁡θ)Bcos⁡θ\frac{B^2}{4} = (-B\cos\theta)^2 + B^2 + 2(-B\cos\theta)B\cos\theta B24=B2cos⁡2θ+B2−2B2cos⁡2θ\frac{B^2}{4} = B^2\cos^2\theta + B^2 - 2B^2\cos^2\theta B24=B2−B2cos⁡2θ\frac{B^2}{4} = B^2 - B^2\cos^2\theta

    Assuming B≠0B \ne 0, divide the entire equation by B2B^2:

    14=1−cos⁡2θ\frac{1}{4} = 1 - \cos^2\theta

    Rearrange to solve for cos⁡2θ\cos^2\theta:

    cos⁡2θ=1−14\cos^2\theta = 1 - \frac{1}{4} cos⁡2θ=34\cos^2\theta = \frac{3}{4}

    Take the square root:

    cos⁡θ=±32\cos\theta = \pm\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}

    From Step 1, we determined that cos⁡θ\cos\theta must be negative.

    cos⁡θ=−32\cos\theta = -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}

    The angle θ\theta in the range [0,π][0, \pi] for which cos⁡θ=−32\cos\theta = -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} is:

    θ=150∘or5π6 radians\theta = 150^\circ \quad \text{or} \quad \frac{5\pi}{6} \text{ radians}

    The final answer is D\boxed{\text{D}}.

Part 8

B\text{B}

Given A⃗=B⃗+C⃗\vec{A} = \vec{B} + \vec{C} and the magnitudes A=5,B=4,C=3A=5, B=4, C=3. We need to find the angle between A⃗\vec{A} and C⃗\vec{C}.

  1. Determine the relationship between B⃗\vec{B} and C⃗\vec{C}.

    We are given the magnitudes A=5,B=4,C=3A=5, B=4, C=3.
    Notice that 32+42=9+16=25=523^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5^2. This means C2+B2=A2C^2 + B^2 = A^2.
    For vector addition A⃗=B⃗+C⃗\vec{A} = \vec{B} + \vec{C}, the magnitude is given by A2=B2+C2+2BCcos⁡ϕA^2 = B^2 + C^2 + 2BC\cos\phi, where ϕ\phi is the angle between B⃗\vec{B} and C⃗\vec{C}.
    Substituting the magnitudes:

    52=42+32+2(4)(3)cos⁡ϕ5^2 = 4^2 + 3^2 + 2(4)(3)\cos\phi 25=16+9+24cos⁡ϕ25 = 16 + 9 + 24\cos\phi 25=25+24cos⁡ϕ25 = 25 + 24\cos\phi 0=24cos⁡ϕ0 = 24\cos\phi cos⁡ϕ=0\cos\phi = 0

    This implies ϕ=90∘\phi = 90^\circ or π2\frac{\pi}{2} radians. Therefore, vector B⃗\vec{B} is perpendicular to vector C⃗\vec{C}.

  2. Find the angle between A⃗\vec{A} and C⃗\vec{C}.

    Let α\alpha be the angle between A⃗\vec{A} and C⃗\vec{C}. We can use the dot product definition:

    A⃗⋅C⃗=∣A⃗∣∣C⃗∣cos⁡α\vec{A} \cdot \vec{C} = |\vec{A}||\vec{C}|\cos\alpha

    Substitute A⃗=B⃗+C⃗\vec{A} = \vec{B} + \vec{C}:

    (B⃗+C⃗)⋅C⃗=ACcos⁡α(\vec{B} + \vec{C}) \cdot \vec{C} = AC\cos\alpha B⃗⋅C⃗+C⃗⋅C⃗=ACcos⁡α\vec{B} \cdot \vec{C} + \vec{C} \cdot \vec{C} = AC\cos\alpha

    Since B⃗\vec{B} is perpendicular to C⃗\vec{C}, B⃗⋅C⃗=0\vec{B} \cdot \vec{C} = 0.
    Also, C⃗⋅C⃗=∣C⃗∣2=C2\vec{C} \cdot \vec{C} = |\vec{C}|^2 = C^2.

    0+C2=ACcos⁡α0 + C^2 = AC\cos\alpha C2=ACcos⁡αC^2 = AC\cos\alpha

    Since C≠0C \ne 0, we can divide by CC:

    C=Acos⁡αC = A\cos\alpha cos⁡α=CA\cos\alpha = \frac{C}{A}

    Substitute the given magnitudes C=3C=3 and A=5A=5:

    cos⁡α=35\cos\alpha = \frac{3}{5} α=cos⁡−1(35)\alpha = \cos^{-1}\left(\frac{3}{5}\right)

    The final answer is B\boxed{\text{B}}.

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