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A body is projected under gravity from a fixed point with a speed of u at an angle of elevation θ. Show that the trajectory of the projectile is y = x tan θ - gx²/2u² sec²θ.

Physics

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Answer

To show the trajectory of a projectile, we will use the equations of motion for constant acceleration, considering the horizontal and vertical components of the motion.

Step-by-step solution

5 steps
  1. Resolve the initial velocity into horizontal and vertical components.

    Let the initial speed be uu and the angle of elevation be θ\theta.
    The initial horizontal velocity is ux=ucos⁡θu_x = u \cos \theta.
    The initial vertical velocity is uy=usin⁡θu_y = u \sin \theta.

  2. Write the equation for horizontal displacement.

    Assuming no air resistance, the horizontal acceleration is ax=0a_x = 0.
    The horizontal displacement xx after time tt is given by:

    x=uxt+12axt2x = u_x t + \frac{1}{2} a_x t^2 x=(ucos⁡θ)t+12(0)t2x = (u \cos \theta) t + \frac{1}{2} (0) t^2 x=(ucos⁡θ)t(1)x = (u \cos \theta) t \quad (1)
  3. Write the equation for vertical displacement.

    The acceleration due to gravity acts downwards, so ay=−ga_y = -g.
    The vertical displacement yy after time tt is given by:

    y=uyt+12ayt2y = u_y t + \frac{1}{2} a_y t^2 y=(usin⁡θ)t−12gt2(2)y = (u \sin \theta) t - \frac{1}{2} g t^2 \quad (2)
  4. Eliminate time (tt) from the equations.

    From equation (1), solve for tt:

    t=xucos⁡θt = \frac{x}{u \cos \theta}

    Substitute this expression for tt into equation (2):

    y=(usin⁡θ)(xucos⁡θ)−12g(xucos⁡θ)2y = (u \sin \theta) \left(\frac{x}{u \cos \theta}\right) - \frac{1}{2} g \left(\frac{x}{u \cos \theta}\right)^2
  5. Simplify the equation.

    Simplify the first term:

    y=xusin⁡θucos⁡θ=xtan⁡θy = x \frac{u \sin \theta}{u \cos \theta} = x \tan \theta

    Simplify the second term:

    y=xtan⁡θ−12gx2u2cos⁡2θy = x \tan \theta - \frac{1}{2} g \frac{x^2}{u^2 \cos^2 \theta}

    Recall that 1cos⁡2θ=sec⁡2θ\frac{1}{\cos^2 \theta} = \sec^2 \theta.
    Therefore, the equation for the trajectory of the projectile is:

    y=xtan⁡θ−gx22u2sec⁡2θy = x \tan \theta - \frac{g x^2}{2 u^2} \sec^2 \theta

    This matches the required equation.

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