Fill in the blanks and explain the reasoning for each statement concerning hydraulic systems.

Here are the answers to the fill-in-the-blank questions:

• 2.1.1 According to Pascal's principle "when pressure is applied to a fluid, the force is transmitted (equally / unequally) in all directions". Explanation: While pressure is transmitted equally throughout a fluid, the force exerted depends on the area. In a hydraulic system, if the areas are different, the forces will be different (unequal).

• 2.2.1 Newton is the unit in which force is measured in a hydraulic system with two equal syringes, we get equal distance and equal force between the two syringes. Explanation: The Newton is the SI unit for force.

• 2.2.2 In a hydraulic system where movement is from a small syringe to a larger syringe, the output distance is smaller and the output force is greater. Explanation: To conserve volume, if the output piston has a larger area, it will move a smaller distance. Due to Pascal's principle ($P_1 = P_2 \implies F_1/A_1 = F_2/A_2$), a larger output area ($A_2$) results in a greater output force ($F_2$).

• 2.2.3 When the output force is increased by the force transfer from the input force, we call this force multiplication (or mechanical advantage). Explanation: This process is known as force multiplication, which is the primary application of hydraulic systems.