Define the following terms: Heat, Heat transfer, Fourier's law of conduction, and Newton's law of cooling.

Here are the definitions for question 1a):

i) Heat
Heat is thermal energy in transit due to a temperature difference. It flows from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature.

ii) Heat transfer
Heat transfer is the process by which thermal energy moves from one system or region to another due to a temperature difference. The three primary modes are conduction, convection, and radiation.

iii) Fourier's law of conduction
Fourier's law of conduction states that the rate of heat transfer through a material is directly proportional to the negative temperature gradient and the area perpendicular to that gradient.

$$Q = -kA \frac{dT}{dx}$$

where $Q$ is the heat transfer rate, $k$ is the thermal conductivity, $A$ is the area, and $\frac{dT}{dx}$ is the temperature gradient.

iv) Newton's law of cooling
Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the difference in temperatures between the body and its surroundings.

$$Q = hA(T_s - T_\infty)$$

where $Q$ is the heat transfer rate, $h$ is the convective heat transfer coefficient, $A$ is the surface area, $T_s$ is the surface temperature, and $T_\infty$ is the ambient fluid temperature.