I) The situation shown in the picture is peer pressure leading to substance use (e.g., smoking or vaping).

a)

i) The situation shown in the picture is peer pressure leading to substance use (e.g., smoking or vaping).

ii)

• A positive effect (perceived): Social acceptance or fitting in with a group.
• A negative effect: Addiction, health problems (e.g., lung damage), or financial burden.

b)

i) Goal setting is the process of identifying specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound objectives that an individual or group aims to accomplish.

ii) Two benefits of setting goals are:

1. Increased motivation and focus: Goals provide a clear target, which helps individuals stay motivated and direct their efforts effectively.
2. Improved decision-making: Goals act as a guide, helping individuals make choices that align with their desired outcomes.

iii) One consequence of not setting a goal is a lack of direction, which can lead to wasted time and effort, feeling unmotivated, and ultimately failing to achieve one's full potential.