Explain empirical risk, generalisability, and internal consistency as key features of a valid theory.

Here are the descriptions of the concepts as they relate to the key features of a valid theory:

• 2.2.1 Empirical risk: This refers to the requirement that a theory must be falsifiable or testable. It means the theory must make specific predictions that can be empirically tested, and there must be a possibility for these tests to show the theory is incorrect. If a theory cannot be disproven by evidence, it lacks empirical risk and is not considered scientifically valid.

• 2.2.2 Generalisability: This means that a valid theory should be applicable to a wide range of situations, populations, or contexts beyond the specific conditions under which it was originally developed or tested. A theory with high generalisability provides broader explanatory power and utility.

• 2.2.3 Internal consistency: This feature requires that all propositions, concepts, and assumptions within a theory must be logically coherent and not contradict each other. The different parts of the theory should fit together seamlessly to form a unified and rational framework.