Genetic lineage Questions 1) Define the following terms: a) pedigree b) mutation 2) Describe each of the following: a) harmful mutation b) harmless mutation c) useful mutation 3) Give one example of a genetic disorder caused by the following: a) genetic mutation b) chromosomal mutation

a) A pedigree is a chart that illustrates the inheritance of a trait or disease within a family across multiple generations. It uses standardized symbols to represent individuals and their relationships.

b) A mutation is a permanent, heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. These changes can range from a single nucleotide alteration to large-scale chromosomal rearrangements.

a) A harmful mutation is a change in the DNA that negatively affects an organism's survival, reproduction, or normal functioning, often leading to genetic disorders or reduced fitness.

b) A harmless mutation (also known as a neutral mutation) is a change in the DNA that has no significant effect on an organism's phenotype, survival, or reproductive success.

c) A useful mutation (also known as a beneficial mutation) is a change in the DNA that provides an advantage to an organism, increasing its fitness, survival, or reproductive success in a particular environment.

a) One example of a genetic disorder caused by a genetic mutation is cystic fibrosis.

b) One example of a genetic disorder caused by a chromosomal mutation is Down syndrome (Trisomy 21).