Stages of an individual cognitive according to Jean Piaget
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Jean Piaget's theory describes four main stages of cognitive development that children pass through as they mature:
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to ~2 years): Infants learn about the world through their senses and motor actions. Key developments include object permanence (understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen) and the coordination of sensory input with motor responses.
Preoperational Stage (~2 to ~7 years): Children begin to think symbolically and use language, but their thinking is often egocentric and lacks logical reasoning. They struggle with conservation (understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance) and centration (focusing on only one aspect of a situation).
Concrete Operational Stage (~7 to ~11 years): Children develop logical thinking about concrete events and objects. They can understand conservation, classification, and seriation (ordering items along a dimension). Their thinking is still tied to concrete experiences and they have difficulty with abstract concepts.
Formal Operational Stage (~11 years and up): Adolescents and adults develop the capacity for abstract thought, hypothetical reasoning, and systematic problem-solving. They can think about possibilities, consider multiple perspectives, and engage in deductive reasoning.
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