11a) The phylum R is Chordata.

Here are the answers to your biology questions:

11a) The phylum R is Chordata.

11b) Assuming class S represents Mammalia, two distinguishing characteristics are:

• They possess mammary glands for milk production.
• They have hair or fur covering their bodies.

12a) The function of the Loop of Henle is the reabsorption of water and salts from the filtrate.

12b) The function of the Distal convoluted tubule is selective reabsorption of water and salts and secretion of ions (e.g., hydrogen and potassium ions) into the filtrate.

13a) Entomology is the scientific study of insects.

13b) Anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

14a) The function of a bait trap is to attract and capture animals (e.g., insects, rodents) using bait.

14b) The function of a pooter is to collect small insects or arthropods by sucking them into a container without direct handling.