Complete the table using a tick (√) to show that the group of living organisms shows the feature and a cross (X) if the feature is absent. Some have been completed for you. Name another type of pathogen. (ii) Give an example of a disease that is caused by a protoctist.

Here are the solutions to the questions:

1. (a) Complete the table using a tick (✓) to show that the group of living organisms shows the feature and a cross (X) if the feature is absent.

• Bacteria:
  • Cell wall: Present (✓) - Bacteria have cell walls.
  • Plasmid: Present (✓) - Many bacteria contain plasmids.
  • Cytoplasm: Present (✓) - All cells have cytoplasm.
  • Nucleus: Absent (X) - Bacteria are prokaryotes and lack a true nucleus.
• Fungi:
  • Cell wall: Present (✓) - Fungi have cell walls (made of chitin).
  • Plasmid: Absent (X) - Fungi do not typically have plasmids.
  • Cytoplasm: Present (✓) - All cells have cytoplasm.
  • Nucleus: Present (✓) - Fungi are eukaryotes and have a true nucleus.
• Protoctists:
  • Cell wall: Absent (X) - While some protoctists (like algae) have cell walls, many (like protozoa) do not. The table indicates a general absence for the group.
  • Plasmid: Absent (X) - Protoctists do not typically have plasmids.
  • Cytoplasm: Present (✓) - All cells have cytoplasm.
  • Nucleus: Present (✓) - Protoctists are eukaryotes and have a true nucleus.

Here is the completed table:

Group of organisms	Feature
	cell wall	plasmid	cytoplasm	nucleus
bacteria	✓	✓	✓	X
fungi	✓	X	✓	✓
protoctists	X	X	✓	✓

1. (b) Some bacteria, fungi and protoctists are pathogens.

• 1. (b) (i) Name another type of pathogen. Your answer: parasitic worm ✅ Correct. Other examples include viruses. Another type of pathogen is a virus.

• 1. (b) (ii) Give an example of a disease that is caused by a protoctist. Your answer: Malaria ✅ Correct. Malaria is caused by the protoctist Plasmodium. An example of a disease caused by a protoctist is Malaria.