Kidney disease, also known as renal disease, refers to any condition that damages the kidneys and reduces their ability to function properly. The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering waste products and excess fluid from the blood, which are then excreted in urine. They also play crucial roles in regulating blood pressure, producing red blood cells, and maintaining bone health. When kidney disease progresses, these functions are impaired. Common causes include: Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys. High blood pressure (hypertension): This can also damage kidney blood vessels over time. Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the tiny filtering units in the kidneys (glomeruli). Polycystic kidney disease: An inherited disorder causing numerous cysts to grow in the kidneys. Prolonged obstruction of urine flow: Conditions like kidney stones or an enlarged prostate can block urine passage. Recurrent kidney infections. Symptoms of kidney disease may not appear until the condition is advanced. When they do, they can include fatigue, swelling in the legs and ankles, changes in urination frequency, foamy urine, blood in urine, persistent itching, and muscle cramps. Early detection and management are crucial to slow the progression of the disease and prevent complications.