Describe the neural pathways involved in Kula's navigation using his eyes and identify two parts of the ear that, if damaged, could cause hearing impairment.

a) The set of events allowing Kula to navigate using his eyes can be illustrated diagrammatically as follows:

$$\text{Light stimulus (from road/traffic)} \xrightarrow{\text{enters eye}} \text{Retina (photoreceptors convert light to electrical signals)}$$ $$\downarrow$$ $$\text{Optic nerve (transmits signals)} \xrightarrow{\text{to}} \text{Thalamus (relay station)}$$ $$\downarrow$$ $$\text{Visual cortex (occipital lobe of cerebrum - processes visual information)}$$ $$\downarrow$$ $$\text{Association areas (interprets visual data, makes decisions for navigation)}$$ $$\downarrow$$ $$\text{Motor cortex (frontal lobe of cerebrum - initiates voluntary movements)}$$ $$\downarrow$$ $$\text{Spinal cord} \xrightarrow{\text{to}} \text{Motor neurons} \xrightarrow{\text{to}} \text{Muscles (e.g., hands for steering, legs for balance)}$$ $$\downarrow$$ $$\text{Kula navigates successfully}$$

b) Two parts that could have been affected, resulting in Kula's hearing impairment, are:

• Cochlea: This is the part of the inner ear containing sensory hair cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals. Damage to these hair cells (e.g., due to loud noise exposure or aging) would prevent proper signal generation.
• Auditory nerve: This nerve transmits electrical signals from the cochlea to the brain. Damage to the auditory nerve (e.g., due to tumors, infection, or trauma) would disrupt the transmission of sound information to the auditory cortex for processing.

c) One part of the brain most used during his work and its role:

• Cerebellum: This part of the brain is crucial for coordinating voluntary movements, maintaining balance, and regulating posture. For a boda-boda rider navigating chaotic traffic, the cerebellum is constantly active in ensuring smooth movements, stability, and precise control of the motorcycle.