The provided pedigree chart shows a family with a history of haemophilia. Determine the genotypes of the individuals indicated as unaffected females who must be carriers.

Egeteloo🥹🥹❤️, let's knock this out. 9.1 Step 1: Identify affected individuals (shaded) and unaffected individuals (unshaded). Step 2: Understand that haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder. Males (XY) cannot be carriers; they are either affected (X^hY) or unaffected (X^HY). Females (XX) can be unaffected (X^HX^H), unaffected carriers (X^HX^h), or affected (X^hX^h). Step 3: Identify unaffected females who must be carriers because they have an affected son. Individual 1 is an unaffected female but has an affected son (Individual 4, X^hY). Therefore, Individual 1 must be a carrier (X^HX^h). Individual 5 is an unaffected female but has an affected son (Individual 11, X^hY). Therefore, Individual 5 must be a carrier (X^HX^h). Individual 3 is an unaffected female whose mother (Individual 1) is a carrier. She has a 50% chance of being a carrier, but we cannot definitively say she is* a carrier without further information (e.g., if she had an affected son). Individual 7 is an unaffected female. Her parents are Individual 3 and Individual 8 (X^HY). Since Individual 3's carrier status is not definite, Individual 7's carrier status is also not definite. Step 4: Count the definite carriers. There are 2 definite carriers (Individual 1 and Individual 5). 2 9.2 Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder, meaning the gene is located on the X chromosome. Males have only one X chromosome (XY), so if they inherit the recessive allele (X^h) on their single X chromosome, they will express the disorder. Females have two X chromosomes (XX), and typically need to inherit two copies of the recessive allele (X^hX^h) to be affected. If a female inherits only one recessive allele (X^HX^h), she is a carrier but usually unaffected, as the dominant allele on her other X chromosome masks the recessive one. This makes it much more common for males to be affected by sex-linked recessive disorders. 9.3 a) Individual 1:* Step 1: Individual 1 is an unaffected female. Step 2: She has an affected son (Individual 4, X^hY). Step 3: For her son to be affected, he must have inherited the X^h allele from her. Step 4: Since she is unaffected, she must also possess the dominant X^H allele. Genotype: X^HX^h b) Individual 4:* Step 1: Individual 4 is an affected male (shaded square). Step 2: Males have one X and one Y chromosome. Step 3: Since he is affected, his X chromosome must carry the recessive haemophilia allele. Genotype: X^hY 9.4 Step 1: Determine the genotypes of Individual 10 and his wife. Individual 10 is an unaffected male, so his genotype is $X^