Upstream Processing: This involves the selection and preparation of the microorganism or cell line, optimization of the culture medium, and sterilization of equipment.

Here are the steps involved in a biotechnological process:

• Upstream Processing: This involves the selection and preparation of the microorganism or cell line, optimization of the culture medium, and sterilization of equipment.
• Bioreaction/Fermentation: The selected organism is grown under controlled conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, aeration) in a bioreactor to produce the desired product.
• Downstream Processing: This stage focuses on the separation and purification of the product from the culture broth, which may involve filtration, centrifugation, and chromatography.
• Formulation and Quality Control: The purified product is formulated into its final usable form, and rigorous testing is conducted to ensure its purity, potency, and safety.