In the context of organisational structure which of the characteristics below help employees work effectively together?

An organizational structure is a formal system of working relationships that defines how tasks are separated, integrated, and coordinated to help employees work together effectively. It clarifies roles, responsibilities, and reporting lines.

• a. Clarifying employee's responsibilities and how their efforts should mesh through job descriptions, organisation charts, and lines of authority. This is a fundamental aspect of organizational structure. Clear roles and reporting lines prevent confusion and ensure coordinated effort, directly helping employees work effectively together.
• b. Assigning human and other resources to tasks. Proper allocation of resources (people, tools, budget) ensures that employees have what they need to complete their tasks, which is essential for effective work.
• c. Letting employees know what is expected of them through rules, operating procedures and performance standards. Clear expectations and guidelines provide a framework for employees to perform consistently and effectively, reducing ambiguity and promoting efficient collaboration.
• d. Following the unity of command principle. This principle ensures that each employee reports to only one superior, preventing conflicting instructions and promoting clear accountability, which is vital for effective teamwork and avoiding confusion.
• e. Establishing procedures for collecting & evaluating information to help managers make decisions & solve problems. While this primarily aids managers, effective decision-making by management (informed by good information procedures) leads to better organizational direction, resource allocation, and problem resolution. This, in turn, creates a more stable and efficient environment for employees to work effectively.

All five characteristics (a, b, c, d, and e) are integral to a well-functioning organizational structure that enables employees to work effectively together.

The option that includes all five characteristics is C.

The final answer is $\boxed{\text{C. a, b, c, d, e}}$