b) (ii) Atom Q has 12 neutrons and 11 protons:

Here are the answers to the remaining parts of question 5 and all of question 6: 5. b) (ii) Atom Q has 12 neutrons and 11 protons: (α) Calculate its mass number. The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons. Mass number = protons + neutrons Mass number = 11 + 12 = 23 (β) Write its electron configuration. For a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons, which is 11. Electron configuration = 2, 8, 1 (γ) What type of ion will Q form in a compound? Atom Q has 1 valence electron. It will lose this electron to achieve a stable electron configuration, forming a positive ion. Type of ion = Cation (Q^+) c) (i) State two ways by which humans could be protected from harmful effects of radioactivity. • Use shielding materials like lead or concrete to absorb radiation. • Maintain a safe distance from radioactive sources to reduce exposure intensity. (ii) Give three uses of radioisotopes. • In medicine for diagnosis (e.g., medical imaging) and treatment (e.g., radiotherapy for cancer). • For sterilization of medical equipment, food, and agricultural products. • In carbon dating to determine the age of archaeological artifacts and geological formations. d) State five effects of climate change on humans. • Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves. • Food insecurity due to disrupted agricultural patterns and reduced crop yields. • Increased water scarcity in many regions, leading to conflicts and displacement. • Spread of vector-borne diseases (e.g., malaria, dengue fever) as their habitats expand. • Displacement and migration of populations due to rising sea levels and uninhabitable conditions. 6. a) (i) What are alkanoates? Alkanoates are esters, which are organic compounds formed from the reaction of an alkanoic acid (carboxylic acid) and an alcohol. They contain the functional group -COO-. (ii) State three uses of alkanoates? • Used as flavorings and fragrances in food, beverages, and perfumes due to their pleasant fruity smells. • Used as solvents in various industries, such as in nail polish removers (e.g., ethyl acetate) and glues. • Used in the production of polymers, specifically polyesters, which are used to make fabrics and plastics. b) (i) Explain the term weathering. Weathering is the process by which rocks, soil, and minerals are broken down into smaller pieces or altered chemically through exposure to the Earth's atmosphere, water, and biological agents. It can be physical (mechanical), chemical, or biological. (ii) State three ways of maintaining soil fertility on a sloppy land. • Implement terracing, which involves creating level steps or platforms on the slope to reduce water runoff and soil erosion. • Practice contour ploughing, where farmers plough across the slope, following the contours of the land, to create ridges that trap water and prevent soil loss. • Plant cover crops or use mulching to protect the soil surface from the direct impact of rain and wind, thereby reducing erosion and adding organic matter. c) (i) Give two reasons why genetic variations is important in living organisms. • Genetic variation provides the raw material for natural selection, allowing populations to adapt to changing environmental conditions and increasing their chances of survival. • It enhances the resilience of a species against diseases or environmental stressors, as some individuals may possess traits that make them resistant, preventing the entire population from being wiped out. (ii) Give three examples of genetic variations in humans. • Eye color (e.g., blue, brown, green). • Blood groups (e.g., A, B, AB, O). • Hair color and texture (e.g., straight, curly). d) (i) State Archimedes principle. Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces.