What are functional groups? Give three reasons why the concept of functional group is important in organic chemistry. Identify the functional group(s) in the following compounds and name the compounds

Here are the answers to your questions: 1. What are functional groups? Give three reasons why the concept of functional group is important in organic chemistry. Identify the functional group(s) in the following compounds and name the compounds. A functional group* is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule. It determines the chemical properties and reactivity of the compound. Three reasons why functional groups are important: 1. Predicting Reactivity: They allow chemists to predict how a molecule will react. Compounds with the same functional group tend to undergo similar chemical reactions. 2. Classifying Compounds: They provide a basis for classifying organic compounds into families (e.g., alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids), simplifying the study of millions of organic molecules. 3. Nomenclature: Functional groups are fundamental to the systematic naming (IUPAC nomenclature) of organic compounds, ensuring clear and unambiguous communication among chemists. Identifying functional groups and naming compounds: Compound a: Functional Group: Ester* (-C(=O)-O-R') Name: Methyl benzoate* Compound b: Functional Group: Amide* (-C(=O)-NH₂) Name: Benzamide* 2. Give the chemical reactions for the following conversions: i. Propene to propane This is a hydrogenation reaction, where hydrogen is added across the double bond of propene in the presence of a catalyst. CH₃-CH=CH₂ + H₂ --(Pt/Pd/Ni catalyst)--> CH₃-CH₂-CH₃ ii. Benzene to toluene This is a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction, where an alkyl group (methyl in this case) is added to the benzene ring using an alkyl halide and a Lewis acid catalyst. C₆H₆ + CH₃Cl --(AlCl₃)--> C₆H₅-CH₃ + HCl iii. Ethane to butane This conversion can be achieved via free radical halogenation followed by a Wurtz reaction. Step 1: Halogenation of ethane to bromoethane. CH₃-CH₃ + Br₂ --(light)--> CH₃-CH₂Br + HBr Step 2: Wurtz reaction of bromoethane to form butane. 2 CH₃-CH₂Br + 2 Na --(dry ether)--> CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ + 2 NaBr 3. Give the IUPAC Name of the following compounds: Compound (i): This is a 6-membered cyclic amide (lactam). The carbonyl carbon is part of the ring. Name: 3,3-dimethylpiperidin-2-one Compound (ii): This is a 6-membered cyclic ester (lactone). The carbonyl carbon and the oxygen are part of the ring. Name: 3-ethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one Compound (iii): This compound has an aldehyde functional group and a cyclohexane ring as a substituent. The longest carbon chain containing the aldehyde is 4 carbons long. Name: 3-cyclohexyl-2-methylbutanal