This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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Here are the solutions to your chemistry questions: 18. Hydrogen-powered bus a) The Oxygen atom (Z=8) has 8 electrons. Step 1: Fill the 1s orbital with 2 electrons. Step 2: Fill the 2s orbital with 2 electrons. Step 3: Fill the 2p orbital with the remaining 8 - 2 - 2 = 4 electrons. The s, p electron configuration for the Oxygen atom is: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^4 b) The reaction of Hydrogen gas and Oxygen gas to produce water vapor is a combustion reaction. Step 1: Write the unbalanced equation with state symbols. H_2(g) + O_2(g) → H_2O(g) Step 2: Balance the oxygen atoms. There are 2 oxygen atoms on the left and 1 on the right. Place a coefficient of 2 in front of H_2O. H_2(g) + O_2(g) → 2H_2O(g) Step 3: Balance the hydrogen atoms. There are 2 hydrogen atoms on the left and 2 × 2 = 4 on the right. Place a coefficient of 2 in front of H_2. 2H_2(g) + O_2(g) → 2H_2O(g) The balanced chemical equation for this combustion, including state symbols, is: 2H_2(g) + O_2(g) → 2H_2O(g) 19. Milk of Magnesia and Heartburn a) Magnesium (Z=12) has 12 electrons. Step 1: Determine the electron configuration: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2. Step 2: Draw boxes for each orbital and represent electrons with arrows (following Hund's rule and Pauli exclusion principle). The box orbital diagram for magnesium is: cc 1s & 2s \\ & \\ ccc 2p \\ & & \\ cc 3s \\ \\ b) When Magnesium Hydroxide (Mg(OH)_2) neutralizes Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), the salt formed is Magnesium Chloride. Step 1: Identify the ions involved. Magnesium forms a Mg^2+ ion (Group 2 element). Chloride forms a Cl^- ion (Group 17 element). Step 2: To form a neutral ionic compound, the charges must balance. One Mg^2+ ion requires two Cl^- ions to balance the +2 charge. The formula for the magnesium chloride salt is: MgCl_2