Identify apparatus and their uses, order salts by solubility, and state litmus effects of solutions.

Here are the solutions to the questions:

3. (a) Complete the following table

• (i) Apparatus: Pipette or Burette
  • Use: For measuring specific volume of a liquid
• (ii) Apparatus: Clay triangle
  • Use: As a support for a crucible or evaporating dish during heating
• (iii) Apparatus: Crucible
  • Use: As container for melting and heating to a very high temperature
• (iv) Apparatus: Bomb calorimeter
  • Use: For measuring the heat of combustion of a substance

3. (b) Arrange the following salts in increasing order of solubility: $\text{PbCl}_2$, $\text{PbSO}_4$, and $\text{PbNO}_3$.

The order of increasing solubility is:
$\text{PbSO}_4 < \text{PbCl}_2 < \text{PbNO}_3$

3. (c) State the effect of the following solution on litmus

• (i) $\text{KNO}_3(\text{aq})$:
  • Effect on litmus: No change (neutral solution).
• (ii) $\text{K}_2\text{CO}_3(\text{aq})$:
  • Effect on litmus: Turns blue (alkaline solution).
• (iii) $\text{Al}_2(\text{SO}_4)_3(\text{aq})$:
  • Effect on litmus: Turns red (acidic solution).