What is isomerism and give all the position isomers of the compound C4H10O?

Let's tackle these questions.

i) What is isomerism?
Isomerism is the phenomenon where two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms in space. These compounds, called isomers, have different chemical and physical properties.

ii) Give all the position isomers of the compound $\text{C}_4\text{H}_{10}\text{O}$.
The molecular formula $\text{C}_4\text{H}_{10}\text{O}$ corresponds to saturated acyclic alcohols and ethers. Position isomers are compounds that have the same carbon skeleton and the same functional group, but the functional group is located at a different position on the carbon chain.

For $\text{C}_4\text{H}_{10}\text{O}$, the position isomers are all alcohols, as ethers of this formula primarily exhibit functional group or chain isomerism.

Here are the position isomers:

1. Butan-1-ol The hydroxyl ($\text{-OH}$) group is attached to the first carbon of a straight four-carbon chain.

   $$\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{OH}$$

2. Butan-2-ol The hydroxyl ($\text{-OH}$) group is attached to the second carbon