Please define matter and its states. Describe the phase transitions between states and provide examples of substances undergoing condensation and freezing. Also, explain separation techniques used in

Here are the answers to your questions:

Question 1:
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It exists in various forms, such as solids, liquids, and gases.

Question 2 a):
The three states of matter are:

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

Question 2 b):
The processes labeled in the scheme are:

• A: Melting (Solid to Liquid)
• B: Boiling / Evaporation (Liquid to Gas)
• C: Condensation (Gas to Liquid)
• D: Freezing (Liquid to Solid)
• E: Sublimation (Solid to Gas)
• F: Deposition (Gas to Solid)

Question 2 c):
Three substances which undergo processes C (condensation) and D (freezing) are:

• Water
• Ethanol
• Mercury

Question 10 a):
The company would apply solvent extraction or distillation as a method of separation when manufacturing perfumes from oil-based seeds.

Question 10 b):
The apparatus used to crush oil-based seeds is a mortar and pestle or a crushing machine (e.g., a roller mill).

Question 10 c):
The seeds are crushed first to increase the surface area, which allows for more efficient extraction of the oil by the solvent.

Question 10 d):
Propanone (acetone) is used instead of water because oil is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like propanone. Propanone effectively dissolves the oil, separating it from the solid seed material.